LB 3235 
.C5 
Copy 1 



REPORT BY THE 

CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION 

CITY OF CHICAGO--1913 



ENGINEER AND JANITOR SERVICE 
BOARD OF EDUCATION 



LB 3235 
• C5 

Copy I 



Report on the 
Investigation of Engineer 
and Janitor Service • 
Board of Education 
City of Chicago 



Inquiry conducted at the request of the Board 

of Education, May 1, 1913, to September 5, 

1913. 

Compensation, Conditions, Organization; 

Administrative and Efficiency Control — 

Conclusions and Recommendations. 



CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION 
City of Chicago, 

H. M. CAMPBELL, 
ELTON LOWER, 
JOHN J. FLYNN, 

Commission ei s 



EFFICIENCY DIVISION 
CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION 
JAMES MILES 
J. L. JACOBS 



£ 



*& 



H. G. Adair, 107-111 North Market Street 



► 



n.ar % 

NOV 10 1913 






TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 

Request for investigation 5 

Analysis of requests 7 

Plan of investigation 7 

Acknowledgment of assistance 8 

Scope of report 9 

School engineer and janitor service in Chicago 9 

Janitorial and cleaning operations 9 

Heating and ventilating 9 

Expendtures of Board of Educaton 10 

Organization and duties of the bureau 10 

School engineer and janitor service in other cities 11 

Schedules in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Boston 12 

Basis of compensation in St. Louis 13 

Compensation schedules of other cities 15 

Compensation of engineers by Chicago schedules IS 

Compensation for heating and ventilating .' 17 

Compensation for cleaning 19 

Compensation for sidewalks, yards, and lawns 22 

Extra compensation for high schools 23 

Bulletins to school engineers 23 

Time studies 23 

Buildings outside the school service 25 

Division of city into zones 25 

Revision of schedule i 26 

Conditions in Chicago school buildings 26 

Heating and ventilating 27 

Air intakes improperly located 27 

Architectural features which make cleaning difficult 27 

Quality of work observed 28 

Answers to bulletins sent to school principals 29 

Vacuum cleaning 29 

Organization, systems, and efficiency control 30 

Supervising engineers 30 

Inspectors of school property 33 

Assistant chief engineer 33 

Supervisor of school grounds 34 

Systems of employment and compensation 34 

Engineers 'assistants and helpers — examinations and records 37 

Rules governing selection and promotion of engineers 38 

Employment of substitute engineers 38 

Efficiency markings 39 

Findings and conclusions 41 

Recommendations 43 

APPENDICES 

Appendix "A" — Bibliography 46 

Appendix "B" — Communication from Association of School Engineers 46 

Appendix "C" — Chicago schedules for the past four years 48 

Appendix "D" — Schedules for New York, Philadelphia, and Boston 51 

3 



. 






Page 

Appendix "E" — Rules for the advancement of school engineers 53 

Appendix "F" — Vacuum cleaning 55 

Appendix "G" — Duties of employes in the Bureau of School Engineering 58 

EXHIBITS 

Exhibit "A" — Schedules of New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Boston 12a 

Exhibit "B" — Schedules of Chicago, St. Louis, Rochester, and Syracuse 14 

Exhibit "C" — Schedules of Chicago and thirteen other cities 14 

Exhibit "D" — Compensation of engineer and janitor service for the last four years. 16 

Exhibit "E" — Relation of coal consumption to floor area •. 18 

Exhibit "F" — Relation between floor area in different kinds of rooms and total floor 

area 21 

Exhibit "G" — Ratio of glass area to floor area in different kinds of rooms and in 

entire building 21 

Exhibit "H" — Total annual compensation and net annual compensation (from fig- 
ures given by school engineers) 24 

Exhibit "I" — Present organization of Bureau of School Engineering and proposed 

change 32 

TABLES 

Table "A" — School engineer and janitor service in other cities 60a, 60b 

Table "B" — Classification of schools according to floor areas 61 

Table "C" — Frequency table, giving number of schools of each size 67 

Table "D" — Detailed measurements of floor and glass area for one building 68 

Table "E" — Answers to bulletins sent to school principals 69 



INVESTIGATION OF ENGINEER AND JANITOR 

SERVICE, BOARD OF EDUCATION, 

CITY OF CHICAGO. 



September 20, 1913. 
HONORABLE PETER REINBERG, PRESIDENT, 
BOARD OF EDUCATION, 
CITY OF C FIIC AGO. 
Dear Sir: — 

The following is a report of the investigation conducted by the Efficiency Division 
of this Commission in relation to the compensation of engineers and janitors in the 
public schools in Chicago. 

REQUEST FOR INVESTIGATION. 

On November 11, 1912, this Commission received the following communication 
from your honorable Board: 

My Dear Mr. Campbell: — On behalf of the Board of Education, I de- 
sire to ask your Commission to have its Efficiency Bureau investigate the 
present schedule of compensation for engineers and janitors of the Chi- 
cago public schools, with a view to ascertaining whether the present basis 
of compensation is economical or extravagant. Enclosed herewith you will 
find a printed copy of the schedule in question. 

Awaiting your reply, I am Yours very truly, 

(Signed) J. B. McFATRICH, 

President. 
Hon. Harmon M. Campbell, President 

Civil Service Commission, Chicago, Illinois. 

On November 16, 1912, the Commission replied as follows: 
Dr. J. B. McFatrich, President 

Board of Education, City of Chicago. 
Dear Sir: — The Commission begs to acknowledge receipt of yours of 
the 11th instant, addressed to Mr. Campbell, president of this Commission, 
requesting investigation by the Efficiency Division of the present schedule 
of compensation for engineers and janitors. 
This will receive our prompt attention. 

Very truly yours, 
CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION 
City of Chicago 
(Signed) JOHN J. FLYNN, 

Commissioner. 

On April 22, 1913, this Commission transmitted the following supplementary com- 
munication of the Efficiency Division to the President of the Board of Education: 

Because of the number of investigations under completion and the re- 
duction in the Commission's appropriations occasioned by the Supreme 
Court decision in September, 1912, the Efficiency Division has not been 
able to undertake a comprehensive study of the above to date. 

A general survey has, however, been made as to the extent and plan 
to be followed in such an inquiry. To carry on the proposed investiga- 
tion in a thorough manner, and have definite and constructive findings 
for use of the Board of Education, this study should be pursued along the 
following plan: 



1. Search, analysis, and compilation of information and sta- 

tical data as to methods and systems used by the larger 
municipalities in this country. This information to be 
obtained through the medium of written inquiries and 
personal conferences with public school officials in the 
different cities. 

2. Investigation of present methods and system in use in 

compensating engineers and janitors of the Chicago 
public schools, and study of the size, character, plant, 
and equipment in the different school buildings in this 
city. 

3. Report fully, for the information of the Board of Educa- 

tion, as to the economy and efficiency of present plan, 
and recommendations. 
For reasons above indicated, this division cannot at this time use its 
own permanent staff to cover the numerous details included in this study, 
but would be able to supervise the investigation if additional special help 
were provided. The division estimates that an amount not exceeding 
$2,500 would be necessary to complete the proposed investigation in a 
thorough manner, this amount to be used as follows: 

2 examiners of efficiency at $160 per month for 3 months. .$960 
2 junior technical investigators at $125 per month for 2 

months 500 

1 stenographer at $90 per month for 2 months 180 

Report and incidental and necessary miscellaneous expenses 

not to exceed 800 

The division respectfully suggests that this outline and estimate be 
presented to the Board of Education at the meeting of its committee on 
Friday, April 25, for action. Respectfully submitted, 

(Signed) J. L. JACOBS, 
Efficiency Engineer in Charge. 
Approved : 

(Signed) JAMES MILES, 

Examiner in Charge, Efficiency Division. 

At a meeting of the Committee on Buildings and Grounds of the Board of Educa- 
tion, held April 25, 1913, an appropriation of $2,500 was voted, as above requested. 

Another resolution was passed by the Board of Education to have the scope of the 
investigation extended, and this was transmitted to this Commission on May 9, 1913, as 
follows: 

Civil Service Commission, 

City of Chicago. 
Gentlemen: — Following is an excerpt from a report by the Committee 

on Finance to the Board of Education, which report was adopted by the 

Board on May 2: 

"Your committee finds that most of the present office and 
business employes have been in the service of the Board of 
Education from ten to forty years, and that, necessarily, the 
present salaries paid to many of them are practically the maxi- 
mum salaries that will be paid in the future. When vacancies 
occur they will be filled by the promotion of lower salaried 
employes, under the rules and regulations, grading", and group- 
ing fixed by the Civil Service Commission. 

For the purpose of informing your committee as to 
whether the present salaries are proper remuneration for the 
services performed, and as to whether the present staff of em- 
ployes is properly proportioned to the work to be done, your 
committee recommends that the president and secretary of the 
Board of Education be authorized and directed to request the 
Civil Service Commission to assign its Efficiency Division to 
investigate and report to your committee upon the following 
points: (1) the present compensation for each clerical em- 
ploye of the Board, based upon the service performed; (2) the 
proper compensation to be paid for the service rendered in each 
particular position, without regard to the present employe; (3) 
the number of employes necessary to do the work required in 
the various departments, other than the educational depart- 
ment. 

With this information your committee will be enabled to 

6 



make recommendation to the Board as to requests for addi- 
tional employes and as to the salaries that should be paid for 
each kind of service and line of work, when vacancies occur 
in the future." 
Will your commission kindly cause this inquiry on compensation and 
distribution of office and other employes of the business department to be 
made by the Efficiency Division while it is investigating the compensa- 
tion of engineers and janitors? 

The Board would appreciate your assistance. 

Yours truly, 
(Signed) L. E. LARSON, 

Secretary. 

In answer to this communication, this Commission replied as follows on May 13, 
1913: 

L. E. Larson, Secretary, 

Board of Education, City of Chicago. 
Dear Sir: — The Commission begs to acknowledge receipt of your favor 
of the 9th instant, containing an excerpt from the report of the Committee 
on Finance, Board of Education, adopted May 2, relative to salaries now 
paid and hereafter to be paid office and business employes of the Board, 
and requesting that the Commission assign the Efficiency Division to in- 
vestigate and report to that committee on the following: 

1. The present compensation for each clerical employe of the 

Board, based upon the service performed. 

2. The proper compensation to be paid for the service ren- 

dered in each particular position, without regard to the 
present employe. 

3. The number of employes necessary to do the work required 

in the various departments other than the educational 
department. 
The Efficiency Division of this Commission has been directed to under- 
take the inquiry requested, as promptly as its limitations will permit, and 
to report thereon to the committee through yourself as representing the 
president and the Committee on Finance of the Board. 

Yours very truly, 
CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION 
City of Chicago. 
(Signed) JOHN J. FLYNN, 



Commissioner. 



ANALYSIS OF REQUESTS. 



In compliance with the above requests, the Efficiency Division proceeded to make 
a thorough analysis of the details connected with these subjects, and decided upon a 
general plan including a study of the problems, both in the Chicago Board of Educa- 
tion service and in public and private organizations in this and other large cities. 

After preliminary study of the scope of the requested investigation had been made 
this Commission decided to divide the investigation into two parts and treat them in 
separate reports. This report, therefore, deals only with the investigation of the engi- 
neer and janitor service of the Chicago public school system. The investigation of com- 
pensation and classification of the employes and positions in the administration depart- 
ment of the Board of Education, as requested by the Board in the letter dated May 9, 
1913, is under completion, and the results will be included in a separate report. 

PLAN OF INVESTIGATION. 

The following outline indicates in a general way the plan and scope of the investi- 
gation and the information obtained. The detailed information collected has been 
analyzed and is on file in this office. 

For the purpose of this investigation, data and information was collected to de- 
termine: 

(a) Whether the present basis of compensating school engineers and 
janitors is economical. 



(b) Whether the present schedule equitably distributes the compensation 

among the different school engineers and janitors. 

(c) Whether the present organization of the bureau of school engineer- 

ing is so constituted as to insure effective and economical service 
in the design, construction, care and maintenance of school equip- 
ment and buildings. 

(d) Whether the present methods and systems in use and the efficiency 

control of the personnel are effective. 

(e) Whether the amount of cleaning of school buildings now provided is 

sufficient for the different city zones. 

(f) Whether the present methods and equipment used in the cleaning of 
school buildings are effective and economical. 

The procedure use in collecting this information consisted of the following: 

1. Obtaining information from other cities through personal and written 

inquiries. 

2. Searching for and collecting information in libraries and in publi- 

cations. 

3. Obtaining information from engineering associations, bureaus of munic- 

ipal research and other public and private organizations. 

4. Holding conferences with representatives of the bureau of school engi- 

neering, the business manager's office, and the association of school 
engineers of the Board of Education. 

5. Collecting and collating schedules of compensation and the annual com- 

pensations paid for each school for the past four years. 

6. Collecting and tabulating information as to the floor areas, equipment, 

and dates of construction of all the Chicago public school buildings, 
and complete detailed data regarding twenty representative school 
buildings. 

7. Collecting and tabulating data as to coal consumption per year for 

each school building in the city for the past two years. 

8. Studying conditions in different schools by personal investigation, and 

from answers received through the submission of a series of bulle- 
tins to school principals and engineers. 

9. Studying the question of the necessity and feasibility of dividing the 

city into zones for different frequencies of window washing and other 
cleaning. 

10. Investigating engineer, janitor and window washing service in office 

buildings, department stores and other buildings in this city. 

11. Investigating the cost and practicability of vacuum cleaning in school 

buildings. 

12. Determining equitable allowances for different classes of school main- 

tenance work in terms of proper units based upon standards deter- 
mined by time studies. 

13. Studying the organization of the bureau of school engineering of the 

Board of Education. 
\ 14. Studying methods of determining relative efficiency of school engineers. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF ASSISTANCE. 

In conducting this inquiry the Commission used its staff of technical examiners, 
who were charged with the duty of arranging and studying the information and data 
as it was received. The co-operation of the officials in the departments of the Board 
which direct and control the work of the school engineers and of the association of 
public school engineers was invited and obtained. In the prosecution of the investiga- 
tion and in the collection of information and data, the Commission has been greatly 
assisted by these officers and employes, and by officials of outside public and industrial 
services. 

This investigation was conducted under the direct charge of James Miles, examiner 
in charge of the Efficiency Division, and J. L. Jacobs, efficiency engineer in charge, and 
the detail work was done by Hugh Borland, Harold C. Dean and other assistants of 
the Efficiency Division of this Commission. 



SCOPE OF REPORT. 

The matters considered in this report are those which are vital in indicating the 
existing conditions, and such changes and remedies as are necessary to correct ineffec- 
tive and inadequate methods and systems and to' make possible the attainment of econ- 
omy of administration and efficiency of individuals and individual groups in the Board of 
Education engineer and janitor service. This report is divided into the followng main 
chapters: 

(1) School engineer and janitor service in Chicago. 

(2) School engineer and janitor service in other cities. 

(3) Compensation of engineers by Chicago schedules. 

(4) Conditions in Chicago school buildings. 

(5) Organization, systems, and efficiency control. 

A summary of the findings and recommendations resulting from this study is 
included at the end of this report. 

SCHOOL ENGINEER AND JANITOR SERVICE IN CHICAGO. 

The city of Chicago covers an area of 191:3 square miles, and according to the city 
directory census has a population of approximately 2,388,500. The registration at the 
close of the school year in June, 1913, consisted of 591 pupils in normal schools, 20,534 
pupils in high schools, and 294,334 pupils in elementary schools. The Board of Edu- 
cation had in operation in June, 1913, three hundred forty-two (342) schools, including 
branches, consisting of two (2) normal schools, seventeen (17) high schools, five (5) 
combination high and elementary schools, and three hundred eighteen (318) elementary 
schools. Many of the schools include two or more buildings on the same site, so that 
while there are three hundred forty-two (342) schools, there are four hundred thirty- 
eight (438) school buildings. Of the buildings now in use, all are of brick construction, 
with the exception of two (2) stone, thirty-six (36) frame and sixty-six (66) portable 
buildings. Only seventeen (17) of the above buildings are not owned by the Board. 
The portable school buildings and the rented buildings are used temporarily to relieve 
overcrowded schools or to furnish temporary accommodations in sections of the city 
where the population does not warrant the construction of new buildings. 

Janitorial and Cleaning Operations. 

Rules of the Board of Education relative to janitorial and cleaning operations in 
school buildings and general instruction for engineers and janitors are included in a 
book called "INSTRUCTIONS TO ENGINEERS AND JANITORS," which is fur- 
nished to each engineer, janitor and janitress in the employ of the Board of Education. 
In addition to this book of instructions, special bulletin notices are forwarded to en- 
gineers and principals from time to time. 

The cleaning operations outlined in the above book of instructions consist of the 
following: (1) Daily sweeping and dusting; (2) special scrubbing and cleaning of 
certain rooms; (3) miscellaneous cleaning and janitor work; (4) periodic cleanings; and 
(5) the care of yards, lawns and sidewalks. 

Heating and Ventilating. 

Analysis of the methods used in heating and ventilating school buildings showed 
that the heating equipments now in use in the different schools consist of (a) ordinary 
stoves; (b) jacketed stoves, which receive fresh air from the outside and heat it before 
it enters the room; (c) furnaces; (d) direct hot water heat and steam h,eat; (e) indirect 
steam heat; (f) a combination direct-indirect system. There are three hundred nineteen 
(3T9) steam heated school buildings, three hundred two (302) of which are equipped 
with some form of mechanical ventilation. 



Expenditures of Board of Education. 

For the school year ending June, 1913, the Board of Education expended the fol- 
lowing amounts for the operation and maintenance of the above buildings. These 
amounts are exclusive of the expenditures for new buildings and other permanent 
improvements. 

Operation and Maintenance of Buildings. 

Engineers' and janitors' salaries $1,060,985.20 

Janitor supplies 65,866.10 

Fuel t . 358,516.99 

Light and power '. 56,738.66 

Repairs 647,319.96 

$2,189,426.91 

During the same period expenditures to the following amounts were made for the 
Board's administrative and educational services: 

Administration. 

Salaries $212,065.19 

Supplies , 47,063.89 

Transportation and miscellaneous 48,616.51 

■ $307,745.59 

Educational. 

Teacher*' salaries $8,664,021.03 

Pension fund 50,000.00 

Supplies ■ 298,005.65 

9,012,026.68 

Total expenditure for all above purposes $11,509,199.18 

It will be seen from the above that about 20 per cent of the total amount expended 
during the past year was used for heating, cleaning, repairing, and maintaining the 
school buildings and equipment included therein. 

Organization and Duties of the Bureau. 

The bureau of school engineering is one of five divisions of the department of 
administration of the Board of Education. The general organization of this bureau as 
at present constituted, is shown on the chart attached hereto as Exhibit "I." 

The bureau is under the direction of a chief engineer who directs (1) the prepara- 
tion of plans and specifications for heating, ventilating, plumbing, sewerage and electri- 
cal work in all new and old buildings; (2) the supervision of the installation and con- 
struction of all such equipment; (3) the supervision of operation and repair of such 
equipment; and (4) the inspection and supervision of all the work done by school 
engineers, janitors, and janitresses in the care of school buildings. The extent and 
magnitude of the above duties is further emphasized when it is considered that the 
cost of operation and maintenance of buildings alone amounts to an aggregate of 
about $2,200,000 annually, all of which is for work done under the direction of the 
bureau of school engineering, with the exception of that part of the building repair 
work which comes under the jurisdiction of the bureau of architecture of the Board of 
Education. 

With the exception of the preparation of plans and specifications, which is done 
by his office and engineering staffs receiving compensation of approximately $30,000 an- 
nually, the chief engineer directs his other activities through the services of field super- 
vising engineers and inspectors of school property, who receive gross annual compen- 
sation of approximately $25,500. 

The supervising engineers are charged with the supervision of installation of 
mechanical equipment in new buildings and with the supervision and inspection of re- 
pairs to and the operation of mechanical equipment in buildings already occupied. 
To distribute this work the city is divided into three districts for work in new buildings 
and into four districts for work in occupied buildings. There are four supervising 
engineers on the latter work and four on the former, one of whom is at times assigned 
on special work in connection with new buildings. 

10 



The duties of the inspectors of school property are to inspect regularly all school 
buildings and report on the quality of engineer and janitor work therein. Two inspec- 
tors, one assigned to the north half of the city and the other to the south half, are 
required to take care of this work. 

Of a total of three hundred forty-two (342) schools, the cleaning, heating, and gen- 
eral care and maintenance of two hundred seventy-four (274) are under the charge of 
a civil service operating engineer. A civil service janitor or janitress is in charge of 
each of the remaining sixty-eight (68) smaller schools. Most of the engineers and a 
few of the janitors are paid given amounts in accordance with a schedule of compen- 
sation based on areas cared for, as taken up in detail later in this report and as shown 
in Appendix "C." The Board of Education employs special civil service firemen in a 
few of the school buildings in inclement weather and during the period when the 
evening schools are in session; and employs special civil service janitors in five (5) 
of the schools where there is an operating engineer in charge. With these few excep- 
tions,- the engineers, or the janitors and janitresses in the sixty-eight (68) smaller 
schools, are in complete charge of their respective buildings and grounds, and employ 
and pay all the help necessary to assist them in their work. They hire, discipline, and 
discharge such help without restriction or supervision by the Board of Education, so 
long as the employment of any person does not conflict with the Illinois child labor 
law. They are held responsible for all acts of these assistants. 
^ The Board rules stipulate that school engineers be at their school buildings each 

week day between the hours of 8 A. M. and 5 P. M., except on Saturday, when they 
are on duty until 12 o'clock noon. In inclement weather they are required to be at 
their schools sufficiently early to insure proper heating of the buildings before 8:45 A. M. 
Buildings must be kept at sufficiently high temperature at all times to avoid damage by 
freezing. Engineers are also directed not to leave their buildings without first obtaining 
permisssion from the chief engineer, and after obtaining this permission they must 
inform the principals, if during school hours, and assure them that competent help is 
left in charge. During the season when the schools are heated, engineers are not 
allowed to leave the boilers -under pressure without having licensed operating engineers 
present during the time they are away. 

The use of school buildings after regular school session cannot be obtained without 
a signed permit, which must be countersigned by the chief engineer. Under the present 
Board rules, the engineer, janitor, or janitress in charge is allowed extra compensation 
for work occasioned by such use of school rooms after school hours. 

The engineers, janitors, or janitresses in charge are required to send to the chief 
engineer's office monthly time sheets showing their arrival at and departure from the 
buildings, readings of gas and electric light meters, inventories of supplies and tools on 
hand, regular weekly reports on condition of fire escapes, monthly reports (for five 
months) of fuel on hand, and such other reports as are directed from time to time. 

Engineers are allowed annual vacations of two weeks with pay, these to be taken 
at such times as do not interfere with school sessions or with important contract or re- 
pair work which requires personal supervision. During their absence they must pro- 
vide competent substitutes. 

Besides being subject to the general direction and control of the chief engineer of 
the bureau of school engineering, the school engineers, janitors, and janitresses are 
also subject to the general direction of the architect of the Board of Education in such 
duties as are connected with building repair work, and of the business manager in 
connection with receipt of fuel and supplies. They are also required to obey all proper 
directions of special school committees and principals. 

SCHOOL ENGINEER AND JANITOR SERVICE IN OTHER CITIES. 

In order that complete information of the methods, conditions, and systems used 
in other large cities might be obtained, this Commission directed letters to approxi- 
mately fifty (SO) large cities in this country. The information received in reply to 
these inquiries has been analyzed and collated in Table "A". 

11 



Analysis of this table shows that of the five largest cities in this country — New 
York, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Boston — all but St. Louis base their sched- 
ules of compensation for the engineer and janitor service on physical dimensions of 
school buildings, sidewalks, and yards. St. Louis determines the salary of each indi- 
vidual employe- in each school building. Of the other cities from which answers were 
received, a number of the larger ones base the compensation on the number of rooms, 
but take no account of the size of rooms or size of yards or sidewalks. The smaller 
cities generally have no definite schedule of compensation, but fix the salary for each 
engineer or janitor according to the rule of supply and demand. 

Schedules in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Boston. 

The information obtained from New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, the cities 
where conditions more nearly approach those in Chicago, has been carefully arranged 
and analyzed for use in comparing the compensation and service given in each with 
reference to Chicago. Details of the schedules and methods in use in each of these 
cities are described in Appendix "B". 

A comparison of the compensation schedules of New York, Philadelphia, and Bos- 
ton with the Chicago schedule is shown graphically by curves in Exhibit "A". 

Detailed measurements have been made of twenty Chicago elementary school 
buildings (which were selected because of their variety in size, age, and type of archi- 
tectural arrangement), and the compensation schedules now in use in New York, Chi- 
cago, Philadelphia and Boston have been applied to these buildings for comparison. The 
curves in Exhibit "A" comparing these schedules show the following three comparative 
elements: (1) Heating and ventilating; (2) care and cleaning of buildings; and (3) care 
and cleaning of yards. The analysis was so divided inasmuch as all the above cities 
base their compensation schedules more or less upon these three elements. 

As stated in Appendix "B", New York has only three elements in its schedule, of 
which the element entitled "care and cleaning of buildings" determines the major por- 
tion of the compensation. The compensation allowed for "heating and ventilating" in 
the New York schedule is more properly the compensation for care of mechanical 
equipment, while the shoveling of coal seems to be compensated for under the "care 
and cleaning of buildings" portion of compensation. It will be seen that the New York 
curve for care of yards and sidewalks is much higher than the similar curves for the 
other three cities. 

Chicago's compensation schedule for school engineers has five main divisions, with 
extra allowance for cleaning special rooms such as kindergartens and manual training 
rooms. For the purpose of comparison the allowances for daily cleaning, for periodic 
cleaning, and for specials classified under "extras" have been added together and in- 
cluded under the curve titled "care and cleaning of buildings" in Exhibit "A". The 
allowances for sidewalks and for yards have been similarly combined. 

Both Philadelphia and Boston have separate schedules for window washing and 
care of sidewalks, yards, and lawns. In the curves for Boston and Philadelphia shown 
in Exhibit "A", window washing has been added to the allowance for "care and cleaning 
of buildings," and care of sidewalks, yards, and lawns have been combined. 

The curves indicate clearly the difference in the schedules of compensation at pres- 
ent in use in these cities. Of the "care and cleaning of buildings" curves New York's 
is the highest. It is based upon the square foot floor area, and is therefore a smooth 
curve. The Philadelphia and Boston curves for the "care and cleaning of buildings" 
are not smooth, since they include specific allowances for window washing, which are 
not proportional to the floor area. The Chicago curve is the lowest, since "the care 
and cleaning of buildings in the Chicago schedule is calculated to cover the* bare cost 
of the work to the engineer, with no allowance for supervision. This curve is irreg- 
ular because it includes the element of daily cleaning based upon the number of rooms 
in the buildings. It was generally found that the numbers of rooms in school build- 
ings are not proportional to the floor areas, especially since gymnasiums and assembly 
halls are not counted as rooms in the Chicago schedule. 

12 



wo 



4600 



4500 



SO 



The amount of cleaning done in the schools seems to be about the same in New 
York, Philadelphia, and Chicago, except that New York and Philadelphia require the 
floors to be scrubbed monthly, whereas Chicago's are scrubbed only bi-monthly. In 
Boston, wood floors are oiled twice a year and never scrubbed, while the other floors 
are scrubbed "as often as necessary". Class rooms in Boston are swept twice a week, 
basements once a week, and corridors, kindergartens, and manual training rooms daily. 
Windows are only cleaoed twice a year outside and four times a year inside, but allow- 
ance was made for five washings inside and outside in the curves for Boston, shown 
in Exhibit "A". 

Of the curves representing the compensation for "heating and ventilating" Chica- 
go's is considerably above the others, since this portion of the Chicago schedule is cal- 
culated to include the engineer's allowances for supervising all the work done. All 
curves for this element of compensation except New York are based upon the floor 
arei }, and are therefore smooth curves. Because buildings of the same size often have 
different boilers and mechanical equipment, and because the number of boilers and 
pieces of mechanical equipment is not generally proportional to the floor areas, the 
"heating and ventilating" curve for New York is decidedly a broken line. It rises 
very little in value with the increase in size of the buildings. 

The estimates of the different cities as to the proper allowance for "care of side- 
walks, yards and lawns" vary widely, as shown by curves in Exhibit "A." The curves 
for Chicago, Philadelphia, and Boston continually cross each other, varying widely 
according as the school yards are unpaved or paved, and according to the extent of 
lawns provided. The total amount allowed for this element of school upkeep is a 
small proportion of the total compensation in all the cities, except in the case of New 
York. The New York schedule provides for the care of only paved yards and side- 
walks, but the rate allowed there is so high that this element of compensation effects 
the total compensation appreciably. 

The variations above noted in the separate elements which enter into the work 
and total compensation are such that the curves representing total compensation are 
much at variance. The Philadelphia and Boston total compensation curves most nearly 
approach parallelism, which is true because of similarity of the component parts of 
their schedules. The New York and Chicago curves cross each other at several points, 
which shows clearly the dissimilarity of compensation in these two cities. 

In order to discover what relation the compensations allowed school engineers by 
the schedules in the above cities bear to the wages paid for similar classes of work in 
these four cities, the average wage paid in twenty-two (22) building trades in each 
city was determined. These averages are shown in Exhibit "A." The wages paid per 
hour average 46.9 cents in Philadelphia, 53.5 cents in Boston, 61.1 cents in New York, 
and 68.8 cents in Chicago. In view of the relative wages paid in these trades, the fact 
that the total compensation allowed for a school building by the Chicago schedule is 
higher than that allowed by the schedules of Philadelphia and Boston and generally 
higher than that allowed by the New York schedule does not indicate that the Chicago 
schedule is high, providing the quality of service obtained in Chicago school buildings 
is as good as the service in other cities. 

Basis of Compensation in St. Louis. 

As noted in Table "A" above referred to, all engineers, janitors, janitresses, and 
scrubwomen in the school buildings of St. Louis are appointed by the Board of Educa- 
tion from civil service lists prepared by a janitors' examining commission. The com- 
pensation of each employe is determined for each school, and though no definite sched- 
ule is adhered to, consideration is said to be given to the number of rooms and the 
size of the yards and lawns. To make possible a comparison of the cost of engineer- 
janitor service in St. Louis with that of Chicago, the St. Louis Board of Education 
furnished information regarding the floor areas (determined from outside building di- 
mensions), yard area, lawn area, and sidewalk area as well as the number and salaries 
of janitors and scrubwomen, for each of nine elementary school buildings. This infor- 
mation was used to determine the total actual cost of the service for each of the nine 

13 




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3000 



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elementary school buildings, and the total cost as it would be if computed by. the 
Chicago schedule. These are shown by curves in Exhibit "B". 

The St. Louis board requires a minimum of four general cleanings per year as 
against live in Chicago and a minimum of ten window washings per year as 
against live in Chicago. In the St. Louis elementary school buildings, low pressure 
steam heating and the plenum system of ventilation is usually used. Of the nine 
buildings above considered, eight are equipped with air washers, and several are also 
equipped with vacuum cleaning systems. It would seem, therefore, that the work done 
in the two cities is practically the same. 

A comparison of the relative wages paid in Chicago and St. Louis, shown in 
Exhibit "B", discloses that the average wage for twenty-two important building trades 
in St. Louis is 62.2 cents per hour as compared with 66.8 in Chicago. The above seems 
to indicate that the wages paid in St. Louis schools are fairly commensurate with the 
wages paid in Chicago schools, although the actual salary received by the head janitor 
of one of the St. Louis elementary schools (who would be an engineer in a Chicago 
school) is seldom more than $90.00 while the net salary of the engineer in a similar 
school in Chicago is at least half again as much and possibly twice as much. 

Compensation Schedules in Other Cities. 

Curves in Exhibits "B" and "C" show the relative compensation paid for care of 
similar buildings in a number of smaller cities as compared with that paid in Chicago. 

The curves in Exhibit "B"' show comparative compensation schedules of Syracuse 
and Rochester plotted on a square foot floor area basis. Syracuse pays on a basis of 
the floor area used by teachers and pupils, with additional allowance for the care of 
sidewalks and yards. Rochester's schedule is based upon floor areas determined from 
outside building dimensions, and provides no allowance for other features. 

Curves in Exhibit "C" show the compensation in different cities on a basis of the 
number of rooms. With the exception of St. Louis, all have schedules based upon the 
number of rooms, which they follow more or less closely. St. Louis has no schedule 
but from information furnished as to the salaries paid and number of rooms in all their 
school buildings an approximate schedule has been deduced for the purpose of compari- 
son in Exhibit "C". The Chicago curve here shown is plotted for fourteen of the 
buildings used for curves in Exhibit "A", and indicates that there is little relation 
between the number of rooms and floor area in Chicago school buildings. 

Study of the information received from other cities and analysis of the compen- 
sation curves shown in Exhibits "A", "B", and "C" indicates that, considering the 
duties and responsibilities of the Chicago schoool engineers, the relative cost of similar 
service in other large cities, and the higher wages generally paid in Chicago, the pres- 
ent basis of compensating the school engineers is not high, but reasonable and fair, in 
so far as the service required of the engineers and the money expended by the Chicago 
Board of Education are concerned. 



COMPENSATION OF ENGINEERS BY CHICAGO SCHEDULES. 

Until the year 1900 there was no definite standard in determining salaries of the 
Chicago school engineers but the salary of each enginer was fixed by action of the 
Board of Education. Between 1900 and 1907 a schedule patterned after the New York 
school schedule was in effect. A revised form of this schedule was adopted in 1907, 
and this was used until 1911. 

This report treats only of the schedules which have been in effect during the last 
four years. The changes which have resulted from revisions in the schedules during 
these four years have been disclosed by analysis of the schedules and rates of compen- 
sation for heating, ventilating, and cleaning; for care of walks; for care of yards and 
lawns; and of the total annual rate of compensation for each school building for each 
of the following periods: January 1, 1910, to January 1, 1911; January 1, 1911, to May 5, 
1911; May 5, 1911, to July 1, 1912; and July 1, 1912, to June 1, 1913. 

In order to compare the schedules of these four periods, the total annual rates of 

15 



compensation have been determined for twenty representative school buildings as they 
stand today, and are shown by curves in Exhibit "D". These curves do not show in 
what particulars the sechedules were changed each time, but indicate clearly the result 
of each revision of the schedule, viz: A general increase in the total compensation for 
the school engineers, the total increase being approximately 20% within the past four 
years. 

A description of the first three schedules above mentioned and a complete copy of 
the schedule now in effect are included in Appendix "C". 

Under all of the Chicago schedules the position of the school engineer has been 
virtually that of a contractor. Under the Board rules he receives his compensation in 
twelve equal installments. In summer his monthly payments come in regularly, al- 




though he employs little or no help. In winter he receives the same monthly pay- 
ments, but he may have to expend so much for help for daily periodic cleaning 
and for handling coal that not enough is left to cover his living expenses. 

Where the engineer is not a good manager, he may not save enough in the sum- 
mer period when the work is light to help pay for the extra help required when the 
work is heavy. If the engineer happens to be transferred or promoted to a larger 
school in the fall months, it is usually a hardship for him to meet the expenses of the 
periodic cleanings during the winter months. In such cases he often is tempted to 
skimp the work and this when it is most needed. 

It would appear that if the salaries of the engineers in excess of the estimated 
allowance for personal services were prorated and distributed over the twelve months 
of the year according to the amount of work done, this inconsistency and possible 
danger to the engineers in not being able to meet the fall service requirements, and to 
the Board in not getting satisfactory service, would be entirely eliminated. If the present 

16 



square foot contract system is continued, such a change should be made in the interest 
of the school engineers in carrying on the work successfully and of the Board in obtain- 
ing good service. 

The advantages and disadvantages of the square foot system as compared with 
the application of the merit system to all positions in the school engineer and janitor 
service are treated later under the heading, "Organization, Systems, and Efficiency 
Control." 

Compensation for Heating and Ventilating. 

For that part of the compensation which should be allowed for heating and ventil- 
ating, coal consumption has been considered as a fair criterion. In order to ascertain 
what relation coal consumption bears to floor area in a school building and therefore 
what relation the compensation for heating and ventilating should bear to the floor 
area, analysis has been made of the Board of Education chief engineer's coal records 
and of the business manager's coal delivery records. 

The chief engineer's records give the coal on hand at the beginning of the month, 
the coal delivered during the month, and the coal burned during the month for each of 
the months of October, November, December, January, and February. The amounts 
of coal on hand are taken from monthly reports by the school engineer and the 
amounts delivered are obtained from the books in the business manager's office. 

This method of arriving at the coal consumption in any school building has several 
faults. In the first place the engineer's estimate of coal on hand cannot be checked 
because the records are kept for only five months. If, on the first of each October, an 
engineer reports less than the actual amount of coal on hand and on the first of each 
March reports more than the actual amount of coal on hand, the record of coal con- 
sumption for the intervening five months is smaller than the actual coal consumption. 
Were the reports made by the engineer for each of the twelve months of the year 
instad of five months, error in reporting the amounts of coal burned during the winter 
months at too low a figure would be balanced by the amounts reported during the 
summer months, and the total yearly consumption reported would be more nearly 
accurate. 

Another fault in the present method of keeping coal records is that there is no way 
of checking clerical errors. In a number of instances, records for certain schools showed 
inaccuracies of several hundred percent in a month's coal consumption. A closed 
record system for keeping a complete check on the coal consumption in school build- 
ings would eliminate such gross errors and would discourage false reports. 

In analyzing the coal records in July, 1913, it was found that no entries of coal 
consumption had been made in the coal record book and no footings had been made in 
the records of the business manager's office since March, 1912. In order to obtain the 
data given below, the Commission had to bring the records up to date. Obviously the 
Board had no way of checking up current discrepancies at the time they were made 
during this period and the chief engineer had no means of basing the monthly efficiency 
markings of the school engineers upon economy of coal consumption as recommended 
by the Efficiency Division of this Commission two years ago. 

To arrive at an average yearly coal consumption for each school building, the coal 
consumption for the periods October 1, 1911, to March 1, 1912, and October 1, 1912, to 
March 1, 1913, was averaged and added to the coal consumption for the period March 1, 
1912, to October 1, 1912. This gave an average for the winter months of the severe 
season of 1911-1912 and the mild season of 1912-1913, and the spring and summer 
months of 1912. 

The coal consumptions thus obtained have been plotted for each school building, 
as shown in Exhibit "E." Each point shown in this exhibit gives the floor area of the 
school building and the tons coal consumption. The school reference numbers set 
opposite the points plotted are those given in the Board of Education classification and 
are shown in Table "B". Those schools which were not in operation for the full period 
or which were enlarged during the period between October, 1911, and March, 1913, hav^ 
not been included in this analysis and are not shown in the Exhibit "E". Several other 

17 



schools for which the coal consumption record is obviously wrong have also been 
omitted. 

It will be seen that the mean or average curve drawn through points in Exhibit 
"E" is practically a straight line, which indicates that the coal consumption (other 
things being equal) is directly proportional to the floor area of a building. Considera- 
tion of other elements that enter into the amount of coal burned seems to indicate 
that they are relatively of small importance. 

When the nature of the heating and ventilating problem as applied to school 
buildings is further considered, it appears reasonable to expect the points to be generally 
closer to the mean. In school buildings of the same size, no matter what their age 
or type of architecture, the heating system in each involves the heating of practically the 
same amount of fresh air per minute. Where the boiler and ventilating equipments in 
such buildings are similar, it seems reasonable to expect that the coal consumption 
should not vary more than a few percent. 

Further analysis of Exhibit "E" shows that about as many buildings having evening 
schools are below the average as above. The schools which show the highest coal con- 
sumption per unit floor area have been looked up, and is found that as many have 
small exposures as have large, and as many are old buildings as are new. The same 
conditions hold true for those schools having the lowest coal consumption. Several 
schools known to have high boiler settings are found to have high, low, or average coal 
consumptions indiscriminately. 

All of these conditions have some effect upon the coal consumption, but when it 
is considered that of those buildings operating under similarly favorable conditions, as 
many are high in coal consumption as low, that of the buildings built from exactly the 
same plans and in similar locations as many seem to be high as low, and that prac- 
tically all the buildings shown are equipped with steam heating apparatus and mechan- 
ical ventilation, it seems that the great cause of such wide variations of coal consump- 
tion must be due either to differences in the efficiency of the engineers and firemen or 
to extraordinarily inaccurate coal records. 

Since it appears that the coal consumption is, under normal conditions, directly pro- 
portional to the floor area, the compensation allowed for heating and ventilating may 
well be proportional to the floor area. The labor of handling coal and the work and 
knowledge used in properly caring for the heating and ventilating equipment would 
seem to be justly compensated by this method. The exact rate of compensation per 
thousand square feet of floor area cannot be estimated without a more detailed study 
of this particular question, but if the present system of employing help is retained, viz., 
hiring one engineer for a school who shall be responsible for and hire all help neces- 
sary to do the work, it would be more equitable to make this item of compensation 
cover the" amount of labor, including the engineer's time, necessary to do this work; 
and to provide for the other elements now included in this part of the schedule, such as 
supervision of the cleaning, under separate items in the schedule. 

Compensation for Cleaning. 

There are many different factors entering into the cost of cleaning a school build- 
ing, some of which it would be difficult and impracticable to include specifically in a 
schedule of compensation. The two factors which comprise the major portion of clean- 
ing work are the floor and the window area of a building. If these two factors are 
equitably compensated for in the schedule, the addition of a small percentage would 
cover the cost of the smaller factors. 

In the course of the investigation, it was found that it costs more to clean a given 
area in a class room than it does to clean the same area in a corridor. It was not 
known whether the ratio of the class room area to the total floor area was constant 
for all buildings. If the ratio of class room floor area to total floor area were found 
approximately constant, it was believed that an average rate per square foot floor area 
could be used as an allowance for the cleaning of the total floor area in a building; but 
if it were found that of two buildings having exactly the same floor area, one used 1 

19 



twice as much for class room purposes as another, it would be manifestly unfair to 
allow the same rate per square foot in both buildings. Similarly, it was not known 
whether the ratio of glass area to floor area was fairly constant. 

Because of this uncertainty, a detailed study has been made of the records on hand 
and of the physical characteristics of a large number of the school buildings. Records 
of the floor areas determined from outside building dimensions have been worked up 
by the Board for about seven-eighths of the schools. These have been compiled in 
Table "B." Schools of each of the three types — high, elementary, and combination 
high and elementary — are arranged in the table in the order of their total floor areas. 
This table also includes those schools for which there are no records of floor area and 
reference numbers and dates of erection of all schools. 

Totals and summaries of the detailed data tabulated in Table "B"' are given in 
Table "C"; the number of schools of each type, the number for which there are and 
the number for which there are not records of floor area, and a frequency table of the 
number of schools of each floor area. All of these figures are based upon records and 
measurements made by the Board of Education and have not been corrected for errors 
in measurements which are mentioned below. 

For the purpose of the detailed study, twenty schools were selected of different 
sizes, ages, and types of architectural arrangement and detailed measurements were 
made of floor area, window area, and inside glass area for all the rooms in each building. 
The form used for recording this information and data worked out for one of the 
schools is shown in Table "D", and Exhibits "F" and "G" show several curves drawn 
up from the data obtained from these twenty buildings. These curves indicate that 
there is no relation between the floor space used for any given purpose and the total 
floor space in a building, or between the glass area and the floor area. It is cbvious, 
therefore, that in determining the compensation for both daily cleaning and periodic 
cleaning additional elements should be considered besides the total floor area. 

Daily Cleaning. 

Daily cleaning usually involves cleaning all the floor area with the exception, in 
some schools, of the assembly halls and the gymnasiums when they are not used daily. 
Certain parts of the building require more work than others. It requires more time to 
sweep a class room than it does to sweep the same area in a corridor and more time 
to scrub a toilet room than to clean the same area in a basement play room! 

The present compensation for daily cleaning is based upon the number of rooms 
used for class and library purposes, although there are extras allowed for special 
rooms, such as toilet rooms, principal's office, kindergarten, manual training rooms, and 
household art rooms. No compensation is allowed for cleaning of assembly halls or 
gymnasiums, which sometimes require as much work as do several class rooms. 

The Commission believes that a fairer basis of compensation for daily cleaning of 
school buildings would be to allow a rate sufficient to cover the cleaning of free area 
such as corridors and to this amount to add certain rates for each room, depending 
upon the kind of room and in some instances (for example, assembly halls) upon the 
size and kind of seats. To this amount should be added a given percent to take care 
of the engineer's time in supervising such cleaning. The amounts allowed for the 
different rooms should pay for the difference in labor required to clean these rooms 
and the labor required to clean the same amount of free floor area. In order that these 
rates be definitely determined, further study should be made of the different factors 
entering into the cost of cleaning. 

Periodic Cleaning. 

Study of the elements and costs entering into the periodic cleaning of buildings 
seems to indicate that the present basis is not entirely satisfactory or equitable. It 
would appear that periodic cleanings, which are now compensated for at the rate of 
$6.25 per thousand square feet, should be paid for on a basis similar to that prescribed 
for daily cleaning. 

The ratio of the area of the windows and interior glass (including book-cases) to 

20 




21 



the floor area for each of the several kinds of rooms, and also for the entire building, 
is shown in Exhibit "G". These curves indicate that one school may have 30% more 
glass area than another one, both having the same floor area. The maximum difference 
in glass area for any two buildings of the same size, as shown by the curves, was 
found to be between 3,000 and 4,000 square feet. If the cost of window washing is 
about equal to the allowance provided in the Philadelphia and Boston schedules for this 
work, a difference of 3,000 and 4,000 square feet would amount to $75.00 or $100.00 in 
the annual cost of the work to the engineer, or a maximum of $50.00 variation from 
the average. In view of the impracticability of including all minor factors entering 
into the compensation schedule, it seems unwise to introduce an extra factor entailing 
such a great amount of work as measuring all glass in school buildings, when the pro- 
bable maximum variation from the average cost is $50.00 per year, and especially since 
this maximum is approached only in a few of the largest buildings. 

Accuracy of Floor Measurements. 

It was found that the measurements of school buildings used in determining the 
school engineers' salaries, shown in Table "B", are not always accurate, in some' in- 
stances making a difference in the annual compensation received by school engineers 
of $100.00 or more. The list of schools, as arranged in Table "B," was checked for 
buildings built from the same plans and specifications, and it was found that for build- 
ings which are identical, as shown by the architect's records, different total floor 
areas are being used as a basis for compensation of engineers. 

Of the twenty schools measured, fo'ur did not check with the measurements made by 
the Board: one building was 1,000 square feet too little, another 2,000 square feet too 
much, a third 3,000 square feet too much, and the fourth 7,000 square feet too much. 
The discrepancy of 7,000 square feet was due partly to including the area of a sub- 
basement in calculating the total floor area. The sub-basement requires little or no 
extra work for cleaning or heating and should not have been compensated for at 
the rates allowed in the schedule. This school has a floor area of 21,000 square feet, 
so that the per cent error in measurement was 33^3 per cent. In the case of the 
3,000 square feet discrepancy it appears that a part of it was due to including a certain 
amount of roof area in the third floor area. The actual floor area of the building is 
75,000 square feet. The other two discrepancies were found to be errors in the original 
measurements of the buildings. 

Both of the last mentioned buildings afford examples of the differences in floor 
area measurements of buildings built from the same plans. In the case of the five 
buildings of the same type as the Copernicus school, one is rated at 76,000 square 
feet, two at 77,000 and two at 79,000. Inspection of the plans indicate that they are 
all of the same size; and measurements show that the floor area of the . Copernicus 
School, which is now rated at 79,000 square feet, is properly 77,000 square feet.. Of 
seven buildings of the Agassiz type, three are rated at 61,000 square feet and four at 
62,000 square feet. Measurements of the Agassiz School, now rated at 61,000 square 
feet, indicate that it should be rated at 62,000 square feet. These mistakes in measure- 
ments of buildings known to be identical in design should be rectified at the earliest 
time possible. 

Compensation for Sidewalks, Yards, and Lawns. 

When the Chicago schedule was patterned after the New York schedule, the com- 
pensation allowed for cleaning sidewalks was greater than it is at present. The rate 
in Chicago is now $5.00 per thousand square feet of sidewalk. New York pays a 
rate several times greater than that paid by any other city. In Philadelphia it 1s 
$4.00 and in Boston $2.00. 

School yards, whether brick, cinders, gravel, sand, dirt, or of other material, and 
all school lawns are at present measured in square feet until the maximum of 20,000 j 
square feet is reached. This area is figured at the rate of $3.00 per thousand feet per 
annum, aud no compensation is allowed for any area in excess of 20,000 square feet. 
It has been found that the total areas of grounds surrounding school buildings, in- 

: ' " ; 22 



eluding play grounds, yards, and lawns run in some cases as high as 110,000 square 
feet. A change in the present schedule should be made to take care of this incon- 
sistency. 

Extra Compensation for High Schools. 

The work involved in cleaning a high school usually varies greatly from that in 
an elementary school of the same size, because of the presence of laboratories, lockers, 
and other special equipment peculiar to high schools. There is considerable extra work 
entailed in cleaning this special equipment, and superior qualifications are required 
of the engineer in charge to insure intelligent care of expensive apparatus. The en- 
gineer in charge is also responsible for the breakage of this expensive apparatus by 
himself or his employes. A just and practical method of allowing for this extra 
work would be to allow higher rates for the cleaning of special rooms such as labora- 
tories and also an extra rate per thousand square feet for the entire floor area of the 
schools to provide for the cleaning of such equipment as lockers, and for the general 
higher qualifications demanded in the high school engineers. The schedule should 
also distinguish between those schools which have five-hour sessions and those which 
have six-hour sessions. In this connection the Commission believes that the Board 
should consider the feasibility of continuous cleaning in all high schools. 

An engineer-custodian should be in charge of all work in each high school and 
the work should be paid for on a schedule basis instead of on a flat rate basis as 
at present. 

Bulletins to School Engineers. 

Bulletins were sent to all the school engineers at the beginning of the investiga- 
tion, requesting detailed information regarding the amount and cost of labor employed 
by the school engineers on the work under their charge, and asking specific questions 
as to the length of time required to perform the various operations. 

Many of the answers furnished by the engineers were not accurate, as most of 
the engineers do not keep detailed records of costs or a close check on the amount 
of work done by their help. The total annual amount expended for help and the 
total net compensation of each engineer calculated from the answers sent in by about 
eighty engineers is shown in Exhibit "H." 

The wide variation in the figures reported by the engineers for schools requiring 
approximately the same amount of labor was so marked that these reports cannot 
be used as a basis for determining the proper rates of compensation. Certain informa- 
tion regarding estimated time to do various kinds of work can, however, be used in 
comparison with any time studies which may be made to determine the proper rates 
of compensation for different elements of work. 

Information was also obtained from the school engineers as to the wages paid 
help. In the majority of cases, the wages compare favorably with those paid else- 
where for similar work. In a few cases, if the time reported as spent on different 
kinds of work was correctly estimated, the wages paid are low. 

Time Studies. 

As a check on the estimates of the engineers of the time required for various 
cleaning operations, and as a means of finding out the different elements entering into 
the cleaning operations and the relative amount of time taken for each, time studies 
were made on the cleaning work being done in several schools. The time required 
to sweep a class room was divided into the following components: 

(1) Going from one class room to another. 

(2) Picking up the seats. 

(3) Sprinkling sawdust on the floor. 

(4) Sweeping under desks and in aisles. 

(5) Sweeping free area in front of desks and in the dressing rooms. 

(6) Collecting the dirt after sweeping up. 

(7) Walking between the various operations. 

(8) Opening and closing windows. 

(9) Emptying waste paper baskets. 
(10) Lost time. 

23 



Due to lack of time, only a limited number of studies were made of the more 
important operations, and these were taken in dry weather when the schools were 
easiest to clean. It became apparent from the studies that there is a great difference 
in the time taken for the same operations in the different schools. 

As an indication of the range of variation, the average time for sweeping class 
rooms of the same size and number of desks was, in one school, nine minutes forty 
seconds (9 min. 40 sec), and in another school, seventeen minutes, forty-seven seconds 
(17 min. 47 sec). The time required for dusting the class rooms was found to vary- 
even more. The average time per class room in three class rooms in a certain building 
was over eighteen minutes. At another time, the time for dusting class rooms by the 



7000 



(poo 



5000 



4000 



3000 



2000 



1000 




fla« «eybfr>"« -iso- 



same person varied from about two minutes to fourteen minutes. Time studies taken 
on scrubbing floors showed similar variations. 

These studies indicated clearly that the methods used in different schools and 
even in the same school by different employes have not been sufficiently defined or 
standardized, with the result that the work done and service rendered cannot, at the 
present time, be measured or compared. 

There are several different ways of going about the sweeping or scrubbing of 
a room and many differences in the time required to do the wrok, but what influence 
the methods cf working and what influence the individual energy put into the work 
has on the time consumed, cannot, from the studies so far made, be determined. It is 
recommended that the studies so far taken be supplemented by further time studies, 
and that not only the actual time spent on work by different persons timed be con- 
sidered, but that methods of doing the work be studied with a view to determining 
the best ways of doing it. 



24 



Buildings Outside the School Service. 

Because of the janitorial requirements of office buildings and department stores, 
and the large number of people using them, information obtained from these sources 
was of little direct value as regards the cost of cleaning. Some of the standards of 
cleaning required and the wages paid to firemen and to men and women engaged in 
cleaning are, however, comparable with conditions in the school service. 

It was found that the wages of firemen in office buildings and department stores 
average between $60.00 and $65.00 per month and that the hours of work per day- 
average about nine. Male cleaning help receive wages of from $40.00 to $63.00 per 
month and work from eight to ten and one-half hours per day. Female cleaning help 
receive from 18c to 22c an hour and work from three to nine hours per day. Window 
washers receive from $48.00 to $63.00 per month and average about nine hours' work a 
day. 

As to the standards and frequency of cleaning, it was found that windows are 
usually washed once a week, floors are usually scrubbed daily, and woodwork is usually 
scrubbed weekly. Vacuum cleaning is usually confined to rugs, carpets, filing cases, 
et cetera. Most doors and show windows are cleaned every morning, and continuous 
supervision is maintained over all toilets. 

Unit costs were obtained for the window washing in one of the larger office 
buildings. In this building there are 1,960 windows having an average area of 3' 6" x 
7' 9". This area is washed weekly on both sides by a force of eight window washers 
working ten hours per day at salaries ranging from $55.00 to $60.00 per month, giving 
a unit cost of about 7 cents per window, or % cent per square foot. 

Since these stores and offices either obtain their power and heating from central 
station companies or have such large plants of their own that the service is out of all 
proportion to the school service, it was impracticable to compare the heating and ven- 
tilating of office buildings and stores with similar service in school buildings. 

A visit to one of the near-by universities revealed standards of cleaning which 
are much higher than those required for the Chicago public schools. It was found 
that the floors are swept every night; the furniture and woodwork are dusted every 
morning; the floors are scrubbed once a week, with exception of certain rooms such 
as domestic science and clay modeling, which are scrubbed three times a week; the 
toilet rooms are mopped every night; the blackboards are washed every day with a 
sponge and water; the windows are washed once in two weeks; the inside glass is 
washed five times a year; and the electric light fixtures are washed nine times a year. 
The janitors are paid $50.00 or $52.00 per month and work nine hours a day, six days 
per week. 

Division of City Into Zones. 

Differences in atmospheric conditions and character of population in different lo- 
calities of the city cause school buildings- in some districts to get dirty more quickly 
than others. This is especially noticeable in the case of windows. 

As a possible solution for the division of the city into zones or localities in which 
the frequency of cleaning school building windows should be greater, the school prin- 
cipals were asked (among the questions in bulletins sent to each principal) what 
effect factory and railroad smoke had on the buildings. Replies received have been 
tabulated and the letters A, B, and C used to indicate good, fair, and bad conditions 
respectively. It was found that as many of the class A schools lay in regions known 
to be abnormally smoky, as did B and C schools, and in a number of instances schools 
classed as B and C were found to be in residential neighborhoods with no factories 
within several miles and no railroads within a mile and a half. Evidently some prin- 
cipals considered that smoke conditions were bad any place in Chicago, while others 
did not find conditions objectionable in districts known to be the smokiest. 

Officials of the city Department of Smoke Inspection were consulted to see if 
they had maps, charts, or records which indicate smoke conditions in different locali- 
ties. While they have records of quality of smoke for individual chimneys and stacks 
and averages of these for different sections of the city, they have no records of the 

25 



number of chimneys and hence no means of telling the atmospheric conditions in dif- 
ferent localities. 

The Committee on Smoke Abatement and Electrification of Railroad Terminals, 
Association of Commerce, has been doing exhaustive work in analyzing the quality of 
air in different parts of the city. Air taken from a level of about ten feet above the 
street surface was pumped through filters, and samples thus obtained in about 160 
different localities have been analyzed and are now being worked up for a report 
which will soon be made public. A consideration of the data of this report in con- 
nection with a personal knowledge of atmospheric conditions should be of assistance 
in determining zones in which atmospheric conditions require more frequent window 
washing than the five washings per year now given. 

Revision of Schedule. 

From the foregoing considerations, this Commission concludes that the present 
schedule is not so designed as to equitably distribute the compensation among the 
different school engineers, and recommends the following changes: 

(a) That the salaries of the engineers in excess of the estimated allowance 

for their personal services be pro-rated and distributed over the dif- 
ferent months of the year according to the amount of work to be 
done. 

(b) That the total floor areas be more accurately determined, and that the 

areas of those schools which are known to be identical be allowed 
the same floor areas. 

(c) That the present schedule be revised, after further time studies and 

analyses, along the following lines: 

(1) Make the compensation for heating and ventilating 

directly proportional to the total floor area. 

(2) Base the compensation for both daily and periodic clean- 

ing on total floor area, with additional allowances for 
the various kinds of rooms requiring more labor than 
is provided for by the general rate for all floor area. 

(3) Allow different rates for yards and lawns and allow for 

areas in excess of 20,000 square feet. 

(4) Allow higher rates for the cleaning of such rooms as 

laboratories, and also an extra rate per thousand 
square feet for the entire floor areas of high schools, 
to provide for the cleaning of such equipment as lock- 
ers and for the general higher qualifications demanded 
in the high school engineers. 

(5) Make each element of the schedule as above outlined 

cover the cost of the work as done by the class of 
help employed by the engineers, and add to the com- 
pensations thus determined a certain per cent for su- 
pervision. This should be sufficient to provide for the 
engineers' estimated net salaries in those schools which 
are so large that practically all the engineers' time is 
demanded in supervision, and sufficient in the smallest 
schools to raise the amounts they save by doing part 
of the actual work themselves to minimum salaries due 
licensed engineers. 

(d) That in all high schools there be an engineer-custodian in charge of 

all work, and that the work be paid for on a schedule basis instead 
of on a flat rate basis as at present. 

(e) That localities be determined from available records of air analyses 

and personal knowledge of atmospheric conditions, wherein the 
frequency of cleaning windows shall be made commensurate with 
the greater needs. 

CONDITIONS IN CHICAGO SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 

Early in the investigation, visits were made to thirty elementary schools and three 
high schools in company with the inspectors of school property, and to twenty-seven 
elementary schools and five high schools in company with the supervising engineers. 
Subsequently visits were made independently to various other schools. During these 
visits, interviews were held with the school engineers and in some instances with 

26 



the principals of the schools. The heating and ventilating apparatus and other me- 
chanical equipment were inspected; and special dust and dirt catching features, such 
as trim, wainscoting, and iron grille work, and the architectural lay-out of the build- 
ings, age, material used for floors, kind of wainscoting, and size and number of 
windows were noted. Information obtained on these visits formed the basis for the 
bulletins which were later sent out to all school engineers and principals. 

Heating and Ventilating. 

It was found that about 80 per cent of the Chicago school buildings are heated 
and ventilated by the plenum system. Under this system the air is drawn in from 
the outside by means of an engine or motor driven fan and forced through steam 
coils into two chambers — the warm air chamber and the tempered air chamber, and 
thence through ducts to the rooms. From the rooms, ducts lead to an outlet, usually 
located in the attic. 

The air which goes into the warm air distributing chamber passes over suf- 
ficient heating surface to bring its temperature slightly above that desired in the class 
room, while the air which goes into the tempered air chamber passes over only suf- 
ficient heating surface to take the chill from the air. From these two chambers con- 
nections are made to each duct, the proportion of warm air and tempered air being 
determined by pneumatically operated dampers controlled electrically or pneumatically 
by thermostats. The temperature of the air in the two chambers is kept fairly constant 
by thermostat regulation. 

If the equipment is in good condition, the plenum system of ventilation should 
work admirably. The engineers complain, however, that many of the teachers do 
not understand the principles of ventilation and persist in opening the windows in 
cold weather, while many of the teachers contend that the engineers do not keep the 
thermostat controlling apparatus in good condition and that part of the time they 
receive insufficient heat and at other times are forced to open the windows on account 
of too much heat. 

It is probable that some teachers and some engineers are at fault. This condi- 
tion could be bettered by more frequent regular inspection, both by the supervising 
engineers and the school inspectors, and by a system whereby reports would be sent 
to the principals regarding teachers who unnecessarily open windows, and reports 
would be sent to the chief engineer regarding engineers who do not keep their 
equipment in good shape. 

Air Intakes Improperly Located. 

It was also noted that the air intakes of the ventilating systems sometimes are 
located at the ground level and open directly onto a street or alley. Where there 
is no screen or air washer the fan sucks in manure and other street dirt and carries 
it to the class rooms. This condition, which was found in many older and in some*' 
comparatively new buildings, is inexcusable and should be remedied at once. When 
one considers the condition of the air near the ground on a windy day, it is apparent 
that an air intake taking in thirty cubic feet of air per minute per pupil should not 
be located at the ground level on a street or alley without an air washer or even 
a screen. 

It is recommended that air intakes located on the ground level and opening into 
a street or alley be re-located, and that fine mesh screens or cheese cloth be kept 
over these openings and either humidifiers or air washers be installed. 

Architectural Features Which Make Cleaning Difficult. 

The architectural features of the buildings bear witness to insufficient considera- 
tion on the part of architects of cleaning operations. While the newer buildings are 
better than the older in this respect, there are a few features in all buildings which 
impede cleaning. 

Fancy but not ornamental cast iron desk supports now in use are hard to dust 
and also make it difficult to sweep and scrub under the desks. Single pedestal desks 

27 



would be much better. Rosettes and other fancy iron ornaments about the stairways 
are also objected to by the engineers. While beauty should not be sacrificed un- 
necessarily, it is not incompatible with simplicity. Rounded corners, simple moldings 
and door panels are highly common in some of the newer buildings. 

It is recommended that in selecting school equipment and other interior furnish- 
ings more attention be given to the facility with which they can be kept clean, and 
that in particular the substitution of single pedestal desks for the present type 

be considered. ,.•.»».*%. 

Quality of Work Observed. 

On the various visits to the school buildings, an inspection of the quality of 
cleaning was made, but since most of the visits were made after the opening of school, 
it was difficult to tell whether any dirt noticed had been left from the previous day 
or brought in during the day. Of those buildings visited before the opening of 
school or shortly after, the majority appeared to be reasonably clean. 

Dusting. 
In several schools, however, the dusting had not been done thoroughly. Dusting 
is one factor in the cleaning which is often slighted, with damaging results to clothes 
and hands. Under the present methods of sweeping, so much dust settles on the 
desks that it " is imperative that they be dusted well every morning. It was found 
that the rules requiring the use of a damp cloth on all desks, chairs, and flat wood 
surfaces are frequently broken and the use of a feather duster substituted. In fact, 
some teachers and pupils keep dust cloths in their desks and find it necessary to 
use them every morning. In other places the teachers' desks are well dusted while 
the pupils' desks are not. The engineers are generally conscientious in endeavoring 
to have the work done well, but there is a temptation to employ too little help on 
the dusting, as the school inspector gets around to each school about ten times a 
year and may never be there before school opens. 

Sweeping. 

The rules ' of the Board require that, before sweeping, a mixture of 100 parts 
sawdust, four parts paraffin oil, and one part undiluted formaldehyde solution be 
sprinkled on the floor. In some cases a handful of this mixture is sprinkled on the 
free area (area not occupied by desks) of a class room; in other cases, two or three 
handfuls are used. To avoid its accumulation in corners around the desk legs, 
sawdust is not used in sweeping under desks and aisles. 

Under the most favorable conditions, the sweeping of bare floors raises clouds 
of dust, and only a minor portion of the dirt is actually removed from the rooms; the 
major portion settles on the floor, furniture, and woodwork later. In some instances 
it was found that immediately after sweeping a stamp of the foot on the floor would 
raise dust, indicating that much of the dirt is not even disturbed by the brush method 
of sweeping. The marching of the pupils down the corridors and stairs fills the air 
with more or less dust in all the buildings. 

Periodic Cleaning of School Buildings. 

The present Board rules provide that the school buildings shall be thoroughly 
cleaned five times each year, as follows: 

During the spring, summer and winter vacations, the walls, ceilings, 
and window shades shall be thoroughly brushed. The woodwork, includ- 
ing wood partitions, baseboards, wainscoting, door frames, sash and painted 
woodwork, pupils' seats, desks, and other furniture; the glass of all 
windows, doors and transoms throughout the building, both inside 
and out, shall be washed. All floors, corridors, stairs and landings, in- 
cluding basement class rooms, shall be scrubbed with scrub brushes (not 
mopped), and all basement floors (except class rooms) and closets, whether 
inside or outside shall be thoroughly mopped or scrubbed with corn brooms. 

During the months of March and November of each year the same 
amount of cleaning shall be done as is required during the vacations, with 
exception of the brushing of walls and ceilings and the cleaning of wood- 
work and furniture. 
! 28 



A number of school buildings were visited during and after the vacation cleaning 
in August. It was found that the quality of the work done depended not so much 
on the time and number of employes engaged as on the methods used and the ef 
ficiency of the individual employes. 

Care of Sidewalks, Yards, and Lawns. 

The rules stipulate that all school yards, areas, and light courts, whether brick 
paved, cinders, gravel, sand, dirt, or other material shall be kept in a neat and cleanly 
condition, and that no grass shall,! be permitted to grow in the crevices of paved 
yards; that all papers and rubbish of every description shall be gathered up and 
destroyed daily; that all sidewalks shall be swept at least once a week; that grass 
on all school lawns shall be cut and raked in season, at least every two weeks; that 
after snow storms, a path shall be cleaned on all walks and steps in and about school 
premises before 8:30 A.M.; and that all snow and ice accumulating over night shall 
be removed from steps, entrances, and inside and outside walks on the school premises 
and from platform scales before 12 o'clock noon. 

Owing to the season of the year, there was little opportunity to make a detailed 
study of the compliance to the above rules, but the grounds about the school build- 
ings visited, generally appeared well kept. 

The absence of trees and shrubbery about the school grounds, however, was 
very noticeable. No matter how handsome the school buildings, its effect is almost 
invariably spoiled by its surroundings — or lack of surroundings. There are expensive 
fences and brick paved playgrounds, bqt hardly ever a tree unless it was there before 
the school was built. The recognized educational value of beautiful surroundings 
has in this respect been entirely neglected. 

Answers to Bulletins Sent to School Principals. 

As before mentioned, bulletins requesting information relative to the engineer 
and janitor service were sent to all school principals. Answers to these bulletins 
from three hundred sixteen (316) principals have been tabulated and are summarized 
in Table "E." 

As appears in this summary, 75 per cent of the principals expressed general satis- 
faction with the engineer and janitor services and some of the others made no reply 
to this question. In the matter of the present frequencies of the periodic cleanings, 
less than 30 per cent expressed themselves as being satisfied with five floor scrub- 
bings per year, 37 per cent are satisfied with three brushings of walls and ceilings 
per year, and 45 per cent are satisfied with three washings of desks, wainscotting, and 
woodwork per year. There is a wide range in the frequencies of cleanings suggested 
by the different principals. 

In addition to suggestions of greater frequencies of cleanings, two suggestions 
not mentioned in the bulletin were concurred in by a considerable number of prin- 
cipals. Forty-three (43), or about 14 per cent of the three hundred sixteen (316) 
principals, recommended that engineers and janitors be employed separately by the 
Board. Twenty principals recommended the installation of vacuum cleaners. Two 
hundred one (201) of the principals offered no suggestions other than those specifically 
asked. 

The opinion of the majority of the school principals seems to be that the janitor 
service is good, but that the" amount of cleaning now furnished is not sufficient. 
The majority of those who suggest the most frequent cleanings also report un- 
favorable smoke or street and alley conditions. It is possible that by increasing 
the number of cleanings, or installing more efficient methods of cleaning in certain 
localities, practically all the principals would be satisfied with the frequency require- 

Vacuum Cleaning. 

In order to determine the economy and feasibility of using vacuum cleaning in 
Chicago school buildings, this Commission investigated the. several different types 
of apparatus on the market. The vacuum cleaning installations in schools in Mil- 

29 



waukee and Kenilworth and in the Van Vlissingen school were inspected, and time 
studies were made on the cleaning of class rooms and corridors. 

In addition to these studies, analysis was made of reports of competitive tests 
made in different cities for the purpose of selecting vacuum cleaning equipment, and 
of opinions of officials in other cities on the efficiency of their vacuum cleaning 
systems and data on cost of operation. The information and data obtained from 
these several sources are summarized in Appendix "E." 

From the observations and time studies made on . vacuum cleaning, as well as 
from the reports obtained from other cities, it appears that the labor cost for vacuum 
cleaning is about the same as for sawdust and broom sweeping, where the frequency 
of cleaning is the same. It is probable that time would be saved in the periodic 
brushing of walls and in daily dusting if vacuum cleaning were used. The experience 
of other cities indicates that the number of floor scrubbings per year might well be 
cut in two. This saving, however, would be offset by the additional expense of 
vacuum cleaning due to the interest and depreciation on the equipment, replacement 
of hose, and cost of electricity consumed. 

The power consumption and the interest, depreciation, and maintenance can be 
estimated for any particular school. For a school of about 60,000 square feet total 
floor area and twenty7five class rooms (the typical size of elementary school buildings 
in Chicago), the expense of vacuum cleaning, other than labor, is estimated at $350 
per year. Assuming this estimate of $350 for interest, depreciation, maintenance, and 
power consumption in a typical school building, the application of vacuum cleaning 
to 300 of the largest schools (the remainder of the three hundred forty-two (342) 
schools are very small, many having only one or two rooms) would cost the Board, 
exclusive of any difference in the cost of labor, approximately $100,000 annually. This- 
is figuring electric power at the present rate of 7>y 2 cents per kilowatt hour, which 
might be reduced if greater quantities were used. 

But the quality of work must be considered as well as the expense. As herein- 
before cited, the present method of cleaning with broom and sawdust mixed with 
paraffin oil and formaldehyde is not entirely satisfactory either from the sanitary or 
economical standpoint. It is obviously inefficient to raise dust from the floor only 
to have it settle on walls, woodwork, desks, and floor as soon as the sweeping is 
done. Much of the dirt that finds its way into cracks cannot be removed by the 
present methods of cleaning. With vacuum cleaning, a large part of the dirt in the 
cracks would be removed and there would be no dust raised to settle on the desks 
and floor between evening and morning. Dusting wainscoting and much of the other 
woodwork daily would be unnecessary if vacuum cleaning were used, and the intervals 
between other cleaning operations could possibly be increased, so that the total cost 
of such cleaning might not be increased materially. 

Vacuum cleaning has two other distinct advantages. Teachers and pupils, es- 
pecially in high schools, frequently find it desirable to stay after school hours on 
account of club meetings, work in laboratories, libraries, and gymnasiums, rehearsals 
for plays, and the like; but the present rules require them to leave shortly after the 
close of school. Some engineers are lenient v.'ith the teachers and pupils in this re- 
spect and allow them to stay in the rooms they may be using until all the other 
rooms are swept. However, many engineers do not permit of the infraction of these 
rules, and at best the atmosphere in the entire building when the cleaning work is 
being done is dusty. With vacuum cleaning, teachers and pupils could be permitted to 
stay after school hours, and the engineers could be permitted to start cleaning im- 
mediately upon the dismissal of school, and might clean the corridors and vacant 
rooms during school hours. This would be a material help to the engineers who 
have assistants employed eight hours or more a day, several hours of which are 
frequently spent unprofitably. 

From the foregoing the Commission arrives at the following conclusions: 

(a) That the present methods used in cleaning the school buildings are 
generally economical financially, but do not give as sanitary and 
effective results as are desired. 

30 



(b) That the present methods are not economical from an educational 

point of view, since teachers and pupils are sometimes forced to 
leave the buildings before their work is done. 

(c) That vacuum cleaning would greatly increase the cleanliness of school 

buildings, would not raise so much dust that it would drive teach- 
ers and pupils out of the school building before they were ready 
to leave, and would not increase the amount of cleaning labor. 

(d) That if vacuum cleaning were used, the intervals between a number 

of cleaning operations probably could be increased, and thus 
largely compensate for the cost of the electric power consumed 
and the interest and depreciation of the vacuum cleaning equip- 
ment. 
It is recommended that the Board of Education carefully consider the cost of 
vacuum cleaning with a view of installing it in new buildings at least, and in build- 
ings in especially dirty neighborhoods, if not in the entire 300. In this connection, 
consideration should also be given to the use of single pedestal desks, which would 
make the use of vacuum cleaning much easier. 

ORGANIZATION, SYSTEMS, AND EFFICIENCY CONTROL. 

The present organization of the bureau of school engineering is shown in the 
chart given in Exhibit "I." It will be noted from this exhibit that there are, at 
present, three main divisions of work directly under the chief engineer: (1) Office 
work; (2) designing and detailing of school building equipment; and (3) supervision 
of installation of' new equipment and operation and maintenance of completed 
buildings.. 

The employes in the first mentioned division, do all the clerical and record work 
of the bureau. They keep records of all employes in the bureau, issue bulletins to 
school engineers, keep informed on conditions of new buildings as reported by the 
supervising engineers, inform contractors when specific work may be done, prepare 
reports on matters affecting expenditures and requiring authority, report, check, and 
schedule all bids, and keep records of permits issued for use of school buildings after 
school hours, of reports on condition of fire escapes, of orders issued in other de- 
partments, and of all other matters coming under the jurisdiction of the bureau. 

In the second mentioned division — the designing division — are included designing 
engineers who make all calculations and prepare specifications, plans, and details of 
all mechanical equipment to be installed in new or old buildings. This division makes 
estimates of the cost of all installations and checks bids of contractors for all the work 
done in connection with mechanical equipment. The equipment for which it prepares 
designs, estimates, and specifications includes all heating, ventilating, and lighting 
equipment; electric generators, motors, pumps, and other such machinery; and all 
plumbing and sewerage. - Because of the dependence of the comfort and welfare 
of the pupils and teachers on the efficacy of this equipment and on account of the 
cost of this equipment, both for its original installation and for its operation, a 
high order of technical ability must be available for the proper design and selection 
of this equipment. 

The third division is the one to which this investigation has been primarily con- 
fined. This division includes eight supervising engineers and two inspectors of 
school property, who are in immediate authority over all the school engineers, janitors, 
and janitresses. They are also charged with the supervision of the construction, in- 
stallation, maintenance and operation of all the equipment designed and selected by 
the designing division above mentioned. The specific duties of each of the positions 
in the bureau of school engineering have been studied and are defined in the records 
of the Commission, as given in Appendix "G." Detailed consideration of the duties, 
.organization, systems, and methods of administrative and efficiency control as affecting 
the supervising and inspecting divisions of the bureau is given below. 

Supervising Engineers. 

Of the eight supervising engineers, four are at present assigned to the supervision 
of installation of equipment in new buildings, and the remaining four have super- 

31 



EXHIBIT " I " 



BUREAU of SCHOOL ENGINEERING 
PRESENT ORGANIZATION 



7 4 10,440 



CHIEF CLERK 

C-SK 1-3000 



$7,440 



aEfSlOR CLERK 



SENIOR 5TEN0GRAPHER 
c -ur 2-i4*o 



JUNIOR STENOGRAPHER 

c -m i-ioeo 



JUNIOR CLERK 
C -Iff 2 - 960 - lOSO 



BUREAU of 5CH00L 
ENGINEERI/SG 



409 I $ 1,030,87s 



CHIEF ENGINEER 
BOARD o/EDUCATION 

E-b-m 1-6000 



408 1*1,024,875 



9 I ftl4,980 



HEATING ^VENTILATING ENGR 
B-Iff i - ?700 



5CH0OL ELECTRICAL ENS R 

B-IT I - S7QO 



SCHOOL 5AN1TARY ENG'R 

B-m I-I9SO 



DRAFT5MAN 



DRAFTSMAN 

B-I I - S60 



ELECTRICAL MECHANIC 

« -n 1-1500 



MACHINIST 



392 $999,4 58 



SUPERVISING ENGINEER 
e-b-n i-6 -3OOO-2S0O 



SUPERVISING ENGINEER 



1N5PR </ SCHOOL PROPERTY 

2- I960 



382 I $97.5,248 



5CHOOL ENGINEER 
-b-i 



STATIONARY FIREMAN 



JANITOR & JANITRESS 



BUREAU of SCHOOL. ENGINEERING 
PROPOSED ORGANIZATION 



BUREAU of SCHOOL- 
ENQINEERINa 



CHIEF ENGINEER 
BOARD of EDUCATION 
-b-m 1-6000 



' £>ee note) 



CLERICAL DIVISION 



7 I $10,440 



CHIEF CLERK 
C-EH 1-3000 



SENIOR CLERK 



SENIOR STENOGRAPHER 
C-Iff" 2 - 14-4-0 



JUNIOR 5TEN0SRAPHER 

C-TH 1-IO6O 



JUNIOR CLERK 
C-m 2-960-1080 



fio-r^ _ 

The /etter and 'number m /he /ower 
/eft hand 'corner of /he box indicate the 
c/ass and" grade of /he position 

The figures in The /orzer nqht hand 
corner of the box indicate t/fe number of 
positions and annuat saiory. 

//umber of positions and fotof sa- 
tary opferofor/atcd for post hons are in- 
dicated by the figures to the /eft and 
right of the tines of authority, resfiectiw/y 

*■ Assistant Chief Engineer ac/s 
os Chief EnQ/i ieer in his absence 



DESKS/SINS DIVISION 



HEATING # VENTILATING ENGR 
B-EZ" 1-2700 



SCHOOL ELECTRICAL ENGR 

B-I2" 1- 2700 



SCHOOL SANITARY ENGR 
B-m 1-1920 



Drafting work to be c/one by 
drafting staff used Jointly by 
Bureaus ofSchoo/ Engineering 
ond Architecture , (as per re- 
solution proposed by Efficiency 
Division and passed by Board 
of Education on September 15,1913) 



ELECTRICAL MECHANIC 
k-h 1-1500 



MACHINIST 

i-Umon scale 



OPERATING DIVISION 



* ASST CHIEF ENGR 
E-b-m 



CONSTRUCTION, MAJN-I 
TFNANCEg OPERATION \ 

I 



INSPECTION 



SUPERVISING ENGINEER 

E-b-TL I-C.-I-30O0-2500-22SO 



INSPR of SCHOOL PROPERTY 



Z-S-I980-I4-4-O 



SCHOOL ENGINEER 
-b-i 



STATIOMARY FIREMAN 



JANITOR & JANITRE5S 



32 



Efficiency Dws/o/? - C/v// 5err/ee Commission 



vision of the operation of mechanical equipment in buildings already completed, and 
of the repairs, changes, and additions to equipment in these buildings. 

During the year ending June, 1913, the latter four supervising engineers made 8,092 
visits to 364 different school buildings, or an average of 22 visits per school for the 
year. In addition to noting conditions of equipment, recommending repairs, helping 
in the operation of plants in emergency, and instructing engineers, these fo'ur super- 
vising engineers are required to ascertain the efficiency of and record the monthly 
efficiency marking for all school engineers. The number of visits made by the super- 
vising engineers at each school during the school year seems sufficient for proper 
inspection and determination of the relative efficiency of the engineers. 

Inspectors of School Property. 

It is the duty of the two inspectors of school property to inspect all school build- 
ings, to note the condition of fire extinguishers, to see that any waste material 
accumulated in any portion of the school buildings is removed, to observe the quality 
of both daily and periodic cleaning, and to make daily reports on the conditions 
observed in the school buildings visited. They transmit the original copy of the 
reports to the chief engineer and leave duplicate copies with the school principals. 
It is also the duty of these inspectors to estimate the compensations to be allowed 
school engineers for extra cleaning occasioned by decorating, repair work, or other 
causes, and to determine the efficiency markings for each civil employe in the school 
buildings. 

During the year ending June, 1913, one of the inspectors of school property, using 
a runabout, made 2,068 visits to 184 schools, or an average of 11 visits per school for 
the year. The other inspector, using a single horse rig, made 1,379 visits to 160 differ- 
ent schools, or an average for the year of 8.6 visits per school. This shows that even 
with the use of an automobile each school is, at present, visited no oftener than once 
a month, and it is found that on an average of only once or twice a year does an 
inspector of school property visit each school early enough in the morning to judge 
the quality of cleaning work. 

Since the cleaning of the school building and yards is a large portion of the en- 
gineer's duties, and since it is highly important that this work be well done, sufficient 
inspection and efficiency control of the work and employes should be provided to 
insure good service. With the present school inspection force visiting each school 
only about ten times per year, and only about once or twice before school opens, 
in the morning, it appears that there is not sufficient check on the quality of the 
service, nor sufficient observation of conditions to permit of accurately determining 
the relative efficiency of school engineers. 

It is recommended that the Board provide two additional inspectors of school 
property at entrance salaries of $1,440 per year, to the end that their control over 
the work and employes may be more effective, thereby rendering more accurate the 
monthly efficiency markings of the school engineers and bettering the quality of the 
service. Each inspector should use a runabout in his daily inspection work, the 
runabout to be maintained by the Board for use in the Board's work only. 

Assistant Chief Engineer. 

It will be noted from the chart, Exhibit "I," attached hereto, that of the present 
organization of the Bureau of School Engineering, at least 14 men of the bureau now 
report directly to the chief engineer. The numerous- duties and responsibilities con- 
nected with the supervision of the various activities of his bureau preclude any inti- 
mate knowledge of the work or division of responsibility and do not give the chief 
engineer sufficient opportunity to study the large engineering and administrative 
problems and have a broad executive control of the bureau. 

It appears that the provision of an assistant chief engineer in direct charge of 
the operation of school buildings, to whom the supervising engineers and inspectors 
of school property shall report and who shall act as chief engineer in his absence, 

33 



will greatly alleviate this condition. This will give the chief engineer more time 
to supervise the design, to control and perfect the solution of important and difficult 
problems connected with the engineering work under his charge, and to attend to 
the larger administrative questions of his bureau. It will also allow an assistant chief 
to more thoroughly superintend the installation, maintenance, and inspection of equip- 
ment than has heretofore been possible, as well as to look after the additional work 
in connection with the examination and control of the school engineers' helpers as 
hereinafter recommended. 

These proposed changes in the organization of the bureau of school engineering, 
as well as the combining of the drafting forces of the bureaus of school engineering 
and architecture recently effected on the recommendation of this Commission, are 
also shown in Exhibit "I." 

Supervisor of School Grounds. 

As has been pointed out, the grounds about the school buildings in this city are 
generally bare and conspicuous because of the lack of trees and shubbery. To prop- 
erly lay out these grounds and to see that they are properly cared for, provision should 
be made for a position to be filled by an official appointed according to civil service 
law, who has training and experience as a landscape gardener, and in general hor- 
ticultural work. The expense attached to the creation of such a position is insig- 
nificant when compared with the excellent results which can be obtained in beautifying 
the school grounds, in the selection of the right material for play grounds, and 
in the saving of unnecessary expense in fences, school yard fill, etc. It is recom- 
mended that the position of a Supervisor of School Grounds, at a salary of $2,520 per 
year, be created, and that this official be in general charge of this work. 

Systems of Employment and Compensation. 

In the course of the investigation, inquiries were made and suggestions were 
received as to the desirability of separating the engineer and janitor service (that is, 
taking all duties and responsibility in connection with the janitorial work from the 
school engineers and placing them instead on head janitors) ; and of appointing all 
help from civil service lists instead of continuing on the present square foot system. 
A number of principals and the stationary firemen suggested in writing to the Com- 
mission the desirability of such separation of the services and individual employment 
by civil service of all help. The high school teachers' club also recommended it. 

Investigation of the practice in the largest cities of this country shows that in 
St. Louis is the only one which, at present, directly employs all engineers, janitors, 
and assistants for the care of the school buildings. The others — New York, Philadel- 
phia, and Boston — have systems similar to that now in effect in Chicago. The systems 
of employment in most of the smaller cities are similar to that in St. Louis. In no 
instance in either large or small cities has the Commission learned of a system of 
separate engineer and janitor services, except in the case of high schools. Whether 
or not the merit system is used in the appointment of employes, it is uniformly the 
custom to place the engineer, custodian, or head janitor, whichever his title may be, 
in charge of all the operating engineering and janitorial work. 

Except in the cases of the largest elementary schools and high schools, an en- 
gineer having no duties in connection with the janitorial work would not have suf- 
ficient work to keep him employed for a good part of the year, and even in the largest 
schools such an engineer would be uneconomically employed for several months of 
the year and on all Saturdays and during vacation periods. During the periods when 
an operating engineer has few engineering duties — on Saturdays and during vacations — 
there is need of a head janitor or custodian to supervise the janitor work and periodic 
cleaning. It is, therefore, obviously economical and efficient to employ one head 
in charge of all classes of work in connection with the care of school buildings and 
grounds. , 

As the Commission sees it, there are two propositions to be considered by the 
Board in this matter, viz.: (1) To continue the present system of employing engineer- 

34 



custodians, allowing them to hire their own help under the contract system, but main- 
taining an adequate control and supervision over the employment and work of all 
such; or (2) to appoint the employes from civil service lists, putting the engineers 
in charge of all the other employes and of all the work in their respective buildings. 

A consideration of the special nature of janitorial work in school buildings dis- 
closes that the present system of having an engineer-custodian immediately responsi- 
ble to the Board for the work and allowing him to employ such help as is necessary 
has several distinct advantages. In the first place, it will be seen that under the present 
methods of sweeping, no sweeping except in the basements can be commenced until 
the pupils and teachers have had time to leave the building; hence the entire building 
with exception of the basement must be swept after about 3:45 P. M. In order to 
finish sweeping all of the class rooms and corridors by 5:30 or 6 P. M., the engineers 
now commonly employ several sweepers who are willing to work for about two 
hours in the afternoon and one or two hours (to do the dusting) before school opens 
in the morning. If the merit system were applied to the entire service under the 
present conditions, the relative economy of the system would depend upon whether 
eight-hour janitors were- employed or whether help working only three or four hours 
per day were employed. In either event the same number of sweepers would be 
required as is now employed by the school engineers. If these sweepers should be 
employed for eight hours per day, there would be little for them to do during the 
school hours. The cost of the services of eight-hour janitors to the Board would 
be about twice the present cost of the sweepers to the school engineers. In order 
to economically provide for this janitorial work by eight-hour employes, the Board 
would have to employ about half this number of sweepers and have them work 
for eight hours after the close of school. Under the present conditions in school 
buildings there is neither sufficient light nor sufficient heat for night work. 

As previously mentioned, the use of vacuum cleaning would, to a large degree, 
do away with the uneconomical employment of janitorial help during the time school 
is in session. 

This may be illustrated by the consideration of the janitorial work in a typical 
school. Assume that there is sufficient work under the present methods of sweeping 
with sawdust and broom to require the labor of four sweepers in the afternoon be- 
tween 3:45 and 5:45 P. M. There would not be sufficient work to keep these four 
sweepers busy between the hours of 8:45 A. M. and 3:45 P. M., but the services of 
only one man would be required to care for the yards and sidewalks and sweep the 
basements. If vacuum cleaning were used, possibly two men, or at the most three men, 
would be sufficient for the work, for the reason that they could sweep the corridors 
and any vacant rooms with vacuum cleaning during the school hours without raising 
dust. Such rooms as assembly halls and gymnasiums which are not used for the 
entire day could be cleaned with vacuum cleaning during school hours, which is not 
possible with sawdust and broom sweeping on account of the dust it leaves in the 
atmosphere. 

Moreover, because of the smaller amount of dusting that would be required in the 
morning and because it would not be necessary to allow several hours for the dust 
to settle after vacuum sweeping, some of the class rooms could be swept with vacuum 
cleaning in the morning before school, and some could be cleaned during the noon 
hour. It would appear that vacuum cleaning would largely do away with the uneco- 
nomical employment of eight-hour civil service janitors. 

There is another advantage of the present system over a complete civil service 
system, depending in degree upon the distribution of work among the several em- 
ployes in a school building. The work in a school building is varied and intermittent, 
which makes it efficient for one employe to do several different kinds of work in 
the course of a day. Floors must be swept and scrubbed, desks must be dusted, 
boilers must be fired, engines -must be operated, windows must be washed, and yards, 
lawns, and sidewalks must be cared for. The amount of work of any given kind 
and the number of employes required to do it varies with the size of each school 

35 



building. There is frequently sufficient work of one kind to employ only part of a 
man's time, so that if a civil service employe were assigned to do only this particular 
class of work, he would be idle a large part of the time. For example, it might happen 
that the firing of boilers would, in severe weather, require more than one fireman, 
although there would not be enough work to keep two firemen busy. Under the 
present system a school engineer hires employes to do all kinds of work about the 
school building. An employe might spend a few hours of the day caring for the 
fires and the rest of the day cleaning the yards or sweeping class rooms and corridors. 

The relative efficiency of a complete civil service system in the care of school 
buildings Would depend upon the duties for which the individuals were employed, and 
it is probable that if in applying a complete civil service system, the Board hired 
janitor-firemen instead of janitors and firemen, and engineer-janitors instead of en- 
gineers and janitors, the advantage of greater economy in the employment of the 
time of individual helpers claimed for the present system might largely, disappear. 

As to the difference in cost of service under the two systems — the present square 
foot contract system and a civil service system — this would vary greatly, depending 
upon the distribution of the work among the employes, upon the wages of the 
employes, and upon the portion of the year they were employed. With a system 
similar to that now in effect in St. Louis, that is, with an engineer in charge of all 
the work in a building who would assign the various civil service employes to whatever 
work there might be, whether firing boilers, scrubbing floors, or mowing the lawn, 
and with wages of these employes ranging from $50.00 to $75.00 per month for only 
ten or eleven months each year and eight hours work per day, it is estimated that 
the additional annual cost to the Board would probably not exceed' $200,000. 

If the merit system of appointment were applied only to the positions of head 
engineer and head, janitor, each of whom wo'uld have sole supervision over his own 
branch of work and each of whom would hire his own help at whatever wages and 
hours he could, the total extra cost per annum might still be but little over $200,000. 
With the appointment of all help through civil service, with separate chief engineers 
and chief janitors, and with strict adherence to the rule that firemen fire boilers only, 
and janitors do janitorial work only, it is estimated that the present cost might 
easily be increased by $400,000 per annum. None of these estimates assumes the 
substitution of vacuum cleaning for the present methods. 

It is believed that the present duties and responsibilities of the school engineers, 
when properly fulfilled, merit the net compensation now received by them. A change 
to any one of the o.ther systems would necessarily remove a large part of these 
duties and responsibilities, and corresponding reduction in the net compensation of 
the engineers wo'uld result. 

Outside of any difference in cost there are, however, desirable features of a 
complete civil service system. With the present standard attained in the application 
of the merit system to positions in the city service, it would be possible to so classify, 
assign, and control school employes that the compensation provided would be com- 
mensurate with the services rendered. The possibility of the school engineers employ- 
ing inefficient help and in the payment of inequitable compensation would be elim- 
inated. If applied rightly so that employees could not contend that they were hired 
for only certain classes of work and therefore justified in remaining idle a large 
part of the time, and if vacuum cleaning were installed so that not so many sweepers 
would be required to do the sweeping after school hours and remain idle for much 
of the time during the school session, the application of civil service to all positions 
in the engineer and janitor service should be more satisfactory than the system now 
in effect, both as regards the results obtained in the service, and as regards living 
up to the spirit of the civil service law. 

Under conditions which are ideal and most conducive to satisfaction in all 
respects — that is, with the most economical application of civil service to all positions 
and with the installation of vacuum cleaning in 300 of the schools — the extra cost 
to the Board for the maintenance and operation of its school buildings is estimated 

36 



between $200,000 and $300,000 per annum. The quality and the general satisfaction of 
the service would increase in much larger ratio than the additional cost. Vacuum 
cleaning, however, cannot be installed in 300 schools immediately. The conditions seem 
to indicate that the time is not yet ripe for the immediate and absolute application 
of the merit system to all positions in the school operating and maintenance service. 

While awaiting the working out of these problems, however, an advance over 
the present square foot contract system can be made by having complete control 
of all employes and of the compensation paid to these employes by the school 
engineers, through a system of examination and provision of equitable compensation 
for the work done. 

The inauguration of a system whereby the Board will have greater control over 
the employees and compensation paid them will increase the quality of the service 
more than enough to warrant the small additional expense for more supervision 
and more perfect records and systems. With these improvements iri records and 
systems, and with the installation of vacuum cleaning systems in different schools, 
the possibility of a complete and correct application of the merit system will be 
brought nearer. 

It is recommended that the systems and methods of administrative and efficiency 
control herein outlined be adopted immediately and that, under whatever system 
of employment and compensation, there be in each school one person in complete 
charge of all other persons engaged in engineering or janitorial work. The title 
of this person, if a licensed engineer, should be engineer-custodian. 

Engineers' Assistants and Helpers — Examinations and Records. 

The Board exercises no supervision over the assistants and help employed by the 
engineers. In 1912 each engineer was required to submit a list of the names and 
addresses of all help employed by him on his daily cleaning work, but as far as 
can be ascertained no use was made of this information and the lists could not be 
found when request was made for them recently. 

The inspectors of school buildings occasionally see the help at different school 
buildings, but aside from noting whether any of them appear under fourteen years 
of age or whether the quality of work done is unsatisfactory, these inspectors have 
no way of judging the fitness of the employes for the work. 

As a means of checking the qualifications of the help employed by the engineers, 
it is recommended that there be formulated rules specifying the age limits, physical 
qualifications, and moral fitness of each helper employed by the school engineers 
and that each helper be required to pass an examination based upon these rules. 
These examinations could be held in the office of the Board or in the schools and 
should be conducted by the supervising engineers and inspectors of school property. 
Engineers could be allowed to employ temporary help for a certain period of time, but 
all employed longer than this period would be required to submit to examination. 

The present rules of the Board requiring the engineers to submit a statement 
once each year of the names and addresses of the help employed is unsatisfactory 
and insufficient for the reason that the Board does not know positively that the 
amount of help, as stated, is employed throughout the year and has no record 
of the hours of work, class of help employed, and salary paid them.' In order 
that there may be complete and up-to-date records of the help employed in each 
school, it is recommended that a form be prepared which the engineer shall be 
required to fill in and send to the main office every two weeks. This form should 
contain information as to the age, sex, hours of work, compensation paid, and 
signature of receipt of compensation by each employe, and place should be provided 
for remarks and for explanation of any addition to or reduction from the regular 
force. In no case should help be employed by engineers contrary to existing child 
labor or other employment laws. 

This information should be tabulated in the main office and used to compare the 
compensation the engineers receive with the amount they spend for help. A study of 

37 



these comparisons would show what engineers are apparently employing too little 
or too much help. It might develop that an engineer apparently not employing 
enough help uses such efficient methods in his work that the quality of the work 
is not impaired, while an engineer apparently employing an abundance of help 
uses such inferior methods that his work is not especially well done. 

It is suggested that the Board, through its increased force of inspectors of 
school property and under the direction of the assistant chief engineer, could investi- 
gate the cases where inefficient work is being done and study the conditions and 
develop proper systems, methods, and standards. The inspectors of school property 
would have the time to instruct those engineers who have not the qualifications for 
supervision and management of cleaning operations. While this procedure would not 
result in any monetary saving to the Board, it would undoubtedly increase the 
efficiency of the service. 

Rules Governing Selection and Promotion of Engineers. 

The Illinois city civil service act became operative in all branches of service 
of the city of Chicago in 1895. The first civil service examination for engineers for 
the Board of Education was held in 1898, and from the eligible list resulting, cer- 
tificates were made to all school buildings, irrespective of the compensation. 

Subsequently the various positions of the school engineers were graded into 
ten grades based on compensation received. This grading necessitated holding 
original and promotion examinations for each grade and resulted in considerable 
dissatisfaction on account of the numerous examinations, cumbersome records, delay 
in filling positions, expense of compiling lists and filing applications, et cetera, and 
hence a new system of grading based on the responsibility and importance of duties, 
was devised and submitted to the engineers and the Civil Service Commission. This 
system was approved and adopted and is now in force. The rules relative to the 
"duties" system of grading the school engineers were adopted at a regular meeting 
of the Board of Education held June 29, 1911, and are given in Appendix "E." 

In compliance with these rules, all vacancies of school engineer positions are filled 
by certification from Civil Service lists. Whenever a vacancy occurs in any of the 
groups within the grade of school engineer, a notice is sent to all the engineers 
already in that group, so that those engineers who have been in this group six months 
or more may make application for transfer. If no application for transfer is received, 
certification is made from the existing eligible list. 

The present rules of the Board do not provide for promotion of engineers from 
elementary schools to high schools or to vacancies in more desirable elementary 
schools within the same group on a basis of efficiency or seniority. These promotions 
are entirely at the option of the Board. 

On account of the special qualifications required in high school engineers, it is 
recommended that all high schools be classified in a special group above the present 
group "A" and that promotion of engineers from the group "A" elementary schools 
to high schools be made on a basis of efficiency and seniority, including a written 
examination, as outlined under Rules II and III in Appendix "E." It is also recom- 
mended that all transfers of engineers in schools of the same group, whether from 
elementary school to elementary school or from high school to high school, be made 
on a basis of efficiency and seniority, as outlined above under Rules II and III, 
except that "ascertained efficiency" by examination should be omitted. 

Employment of Substitute Engineers. 

Engineers are frequently absent for periods ranging from a few days to three 
months, which latter is the maximum time that they are allowed to remain absent 
from duty and still be eligible to reinstatement. Certifications from eligible lists 
are not made to these buildings, the reason advanced being that the positions are 
temporary, and that few, if any, engineers on the eligible list care to accept certifica- 
tion to temporary positions. As a result there is kept on file in the bureau of school 

38 



engineering a list of substitute engineers which comprises the names of men of 
whom some are on the civil service eligible list but not near enough to the top for 
immediate certification; others are assisting engineers of school buildings, and when 
substitute work presents itself, are permitted by the engineers who employ them to 
fill the position; and others have never been able to pass an examination for school 
engineer. 

From an analysis of the records of substitute engineers employed during the 
calendar years 1911 and 1912, it was found that during this period 56 substitute 
engineers were employed, only eight of whom were taken from the civil service 
eligible lists. The maximum number employed at any one time during this two year 
period was twenty-two, the minimum four, and the average twelve. The length of 
employment of the different substitute engineers during this period ranged from a 
minimum of three days to a maximum of two years, with an average length of 
employment about five months. 

Many of the engineers on Civil Service original entrance eligible lists are engaged 
in some line of work where permanency is assured and will not leave such permanent 
positions for irregular and indefinite employment. In view of the number of substitute 
engineers who have been employed in the past two years, which averaged about 
twelve, it seems practicable and feasible that the Board have a permanent corps of 
substitute engineers certified from civil service lists available for substitute work. At 
such times as there is no demand for them in this capacity they can be assigned to 
different schools as directed by the chief engineer, and in this manner get acquainted 
with the apparatus of the several schools. 

This method provides means of schooling the substitute engineers before they 
are permanently assigned and insures an efficient corps of engineer substitutes. The 
filling of vacancies in the regular school engineer service should be made by assigning 
the substitutes in the order of their seniority, and the vacancies in the substitute 
corps should be filled from the civil service eligible lists. It is recommended that 
the salaries of the substitute engineers be $1,460 per year, which amount shall be 
paid by the Board as total compensation for such services as may be required from 
time to time, and that such amount shall be deducted from the compensation paid to 
the regular school engineer. 

Efficiency Markings. 

Under the efficiency system formulated and adopted about two years ago, definite 
standards of rating the efficiency of engineers were determined upon. School engineers 
were to be graded for efficiency on the following three factors: 

Attitude, having a weight of 2 out of 10. 

Industry, having a weight of 5 out of 10. 

Economy, having a weight of 3 out of 10. 

During the investigation it was found that the supervising engineers and inspectors 
of school property at present determine the marks for the above factors from their 
knowledge or impression of the individual engineer's ability and activity, and from 
observations of conditions of equipment and building, with the exception that the 
inspectors of school property uniformly give a mark of 83 for "economy," since 
they have no basis whatever for judging what this mark should be. For each 
of the above factors six-tenths (0.6) of the supervising engineers' markings are 
added to four-tenths (0.4) of the inspectors' of school property markings, and the 
resultant markings are sent monthly to the Civil Service Commission for record. 

Two years ago this Commission made a recommendation (which the Board 
adopted) that the "economy" mark be determined by the coal consumption at each 
school. Since, as pointed out previously in this report, the records of coal consumption 
were found to be twelve months in arrears at the beginning of this investigation, it 
is evident that coal consumption has not entered into the determination of the 
marks which have been reported to this Commission for the past year. 

As explained earlier in this report under the heading "Coal Consumption," and 

39 



as shown by Exhibit "E," the coal consumption is in general directly proportional to 
the floor area. The points plotted in Exhibit "E" vary as much as 20 or 25 per cent 
both sides of the mean, but since of those buildings operating under apparently 
favorable conditions as many seem to be high in coal consumption as low, and of 
buildings built from the same plans and in similar locations, as many seem to be 
high as low, and since all the buildings shown are equipped wi|th steam heating 
apparatus and practically all of them with the plenum system of ventilation, it seems 
that any engineer should be able to come within 5 per cent of the mean coal con- 
sumption. 

Individual cases of specially high or specially low coal consumption may be due 
to clerical errors, and many such were found on cursory inspection of the records. 
No attempt has been made to find a reason for all the apparent discrepancies. The 
fact, however, that there is such a wide variation in coal consumption for the same 
size and type building, so many instances in which one building will have half again 
as large coal consumption as a similar building, indicate that there is great difference 
in the efficiency of engineers. 

To determine whether or not the present method of arriving at these "economy" 
marks gives results in anyway proportional to the actual coal consumptions, the 
marks of twenty-seven engineers highest in coal consumption per unit floor area 
and of twenty-seven engineers lowest in coal consumption per unit floor area were 
compared for the sixteen months from January, 1912, to April, 1913, inclusive. The 
"economy" marks (average for sixteen months) of those highest in coal consumption 
ranged from 78.15 to 84.1 and averaged 81.05, while for those lowest in coal consump- 
tion they ranged from 80.51 to 83.99 and averaged 82.18. This indicates that some of 
the men ertremely efficient in coal consumption received lower "economy" marks than 
some who were apparently inefficient. Although the twenty-seven least economical 
engineers burned about 60 per cent more coal than the twenty-seven most economical 
engineers, as indicated in Exhibit "E," the average of their marks was only 1.13 per 
cent less. If the marks of 83 given by the inspectors had not been included in the 
"economy" marks, this difference would be 1.55 instead of 1.13 per cent, but the 
wide variation in coal consumption would seem to demand a difference more like 
20 or 25 per cent. 

The report on the method of determining the efficiency markings of school 
engineers which this Commission forwarded to the Board of Education in 1911, 
stipulated that the monthly mark for "economy" should be determined from a com- 
parison of the engineer's monthly fuel consumption with a fixed standard for his 
school, taking into account variation in average temperature from the normal. The 
standard of fuel consumption for any month and for any school was the average 
consumption for preceding years at that school. The method outlined in the 1911 
report, however, has never been put into effect, but as explained before, the "economy" 
mark is made up of four-tenths (0.4) of the inspector's mark (always 83 for each 
engineer), and six-tenths (0.6) of the supervising engineer's mark, based upon per- 
sonal opinion and possibly influenced by observation of quality of smoke issuing 
from the chimney. No element in this method of marking economy is either absolute 
or even reasonably accurate. 

At the time the 1911 report was made, no data was at hand as to the actual coal 
consumption in the different schools. From the records kept since October, 1911, 
it is apparent that marking the engineer on the basis of his own coal consumption 
for the preceding year or several preceding years, taking into consideration the differ- 
ence in temperature, is not a just method. This method marks an engineer according 
to his own standard rather than according to a definite standard for all engineers, 
which from a consideration of the apparent widely varying economies of different 
engineers is manifestly unjust. Since it is found that the mean of the average of 
coal consumptions in the various schools for the past two years is practically a 
straight line drawn through the point of zero area and zero tons, and hence since 
the average coal consumption is directly proportional to the floor area, the following 
method of determining the "economy" mark is suggested: 

40 



Have the engineers report on the first of each month the amount of coal on hand. 
These reports must be made for the entire twelve months of the year rather than 
for five only, and the records of coal consumption must be made to check with the 
coal deliveries plus the difference of the amount of coal on hand at beginning and 
end of each month. 

From the monthly reports of the school engineers of coal on hand and from the 
records of coal delivered during the month, determine the monthly coal consumption 
for each month. Divide the coal consumption for each school by its total floor area 
and thus obtain the tons coal consumption per thousand square feet floor area. Take 
the average of all these values of coal consumption per thousand square feet floor 
area and use this average as a standard in determining the "economy" marking 
for the month in question. 

To determine the "economy" marking of any engineer, find the per cent of his coal 
consumption per thousand square feet of floor area above or below the average for the 
month in question; and for each per cent in excess of 5 per cent, subtract one-half 
from or add one-half to 80, according to whether his rate of coal consumption is 
above or below the average. The result will be the engineer's marking for "economy." 

This allows a zone of 10 per cent, that is 5 above and 5 below the average, 
in which the marking would be 80. With a total variation of about 50 per cent, 
which the points plotted in Exhibit "E" indicate is the maximum variation, the most 
efficient engineer would receive an "economy" marking of 90, while the least efficient 
engineer would receive a mark of 70. 

It is probable that after the system goes into effect the limits of variation will 
become narrower for the reason that the engineers who are at present least economical 
will improve. The engineers who are lowest in efficiency and who seem unable to 
improve even under the stimulus of marks, probably would be benefited by instruction. 
It is recommended that the supervising engineers, under the direction of the assistant 
chief engineer, develop standard methods and act as a corps of instructors, showing 
those engineers who need instruction how to improve their economy and efficiency 
of operation. Plant conditions which make impossible an "economy" mark of 80 should 
not be allowed to exist. 

The marking thus obtained should be given as the full mark for "economy" 
rather than averaging with it any marks given by the inspectors of school property 
and the supervising engineers, for the reason that the coal consumption offers an 
absolute method for determining the "economy" mark and is the largest element 
into which the factor of "economy" enters. This should apply to all schools operating 
under normal conditions, with allowance for coal consumption in buildings having 
night schools. 

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS. 

Summarizing the results obtained in this investigation, the Commission arrives 
at the following findings and conclusions: 

(1) That, considering the duties and responsibilities of the Chicago 

school engineers, the relative cost of similar service in other large 
cities, and the higher wages generally paid in Chicago, the present 
basis of compensating school engineers is not high, but reasonable 
and fair, in so far as the service required of the engineers and the 
money expended by the Chicago Board of Education are concerned. 

(2) That the salaries of the engineers are not pro-rated and distributed 

over the different months of the year according to the amount 
of work done, and that there is danger that the engineers may 
not be able to meet the fall service requirements and that the 
Board may not get satisfactory service. 

(3) That the present schedule is not so designed as to equitably com- 

pensate the different school engineers. 

(4) That the coal consumption in a school building is, under normal con- 

ditions, directly proportional to the floor area, and that the com- 
pensation allowed for heating and ventilating may well be propor- 
tional to the floor area. 

41 



(5) That in determining the compensation for both daily cleaning- and 

periodic cleaning, additional elements should be considered besides 
the total floor area. 

(6) That measurements made of school buildings for use in determining 

the compensation of school engineers are not sufficiently accurate. 

(7) That it is not equitable to allow the same compensation for cinder 

yards as for lawns, and to allow no compensation for areas of 
yards in excess of 20,000 square yards. 

(8) That in the majority of cases the wages paid by the school engi- 

neers to their assistants compare favorably with the wages paid 
elsewhere for similar work. 

(9) That there is great difference in the time taken for the same clean- 

ing operations, and that the methods used in different schools, and 
even in the same schools by different employes have not been 
sufficiently defined and standardized. 

(10) That considering the present methods of cleaning, the janitorial work 

in a large proportion of schools appears to be well done, and that 
the amount of cleaning now required, if well done, is sufficient, ex- 
cept in certain localities. 

(11) That the absence of trees and shrubbery and general lack of horti- 

cultural provisions about school grounds is very noticeable. 

(12) That the present methods used in cleaning school buildings are gen- 

erally economical financially, but that they are not economical from 
an educational point of view, and do not give as sanitary and effec- 
tive results as are desired. 

(13) That if vacuum cleaning were used the intervals between a number 

of cleaning operations could be increased, thereby reducing the 
amount of cleaning labor, and that this decrease in the amount of 
labor would largely compensate for the cost of electric power con- 
sumed and interest and depreciation on the cost of vacuum cleaning 
equipment. 

(14) That there is not sufficient check on the standard and quality of ser- 

vice nor sufficient observation of conditions to permit of accu- 
rately determining the relative efficiency of school engineers. 

(15) That the numerous duties and responsibilities connected with the 

supervision of the various activities of the bureau preclude any inti- 
mate knowledge on the part of the chief engineer of the work or 
division of responsibility and do not give him sufficient opportunity 
to study the large engineering and administrative problems and' 
have a broad executive control of the bureau. 

(16) That it is economical and efficient to have one head engineer-cus- 

todian in charge of all classes of work in connection with the 
school buildings and grounds. 

(17) That since the work in a school building is varied and intermittent, 

it is efficient for one employe to do several different kinds of work 
in the course of a day. 

(18) That in providing the engineer and janitor service in school build- 

ings there are two propositions to be considered by the Board of 
Education, viz: (1) To- continue the present system of employing 
engineer-custodians, allowing them to hire their own help under 
the contract system, but maintaining adequate control and super- 
vision over the employment and work of all such help; or (2) to 
appoint the employes from civil service lists, putting the engineer- 
custodians in charge of all the other employes and of all the work 
in their respective buildings. 

(19) That the relative efficiency of a complete civil service system in the 

care of school buildings would depend upon the duties and hours 
for which the various employes were employed. 

(20) That with absolute control and authority vested in the Civil Service 

Commission and the Board so that employes would not contend 
that they were hired for certain classes of work only, and with 
vacuum cleaning installed in all buildings so that not so many 
sweepers would be required to do the sweeping after school hours 
and remain idle for much of the time during the school session, 
the application of civil service to all positions in the engineer and 
janitor service should be more satisfactory than the present con- 
tract system. 

42 



(21) That with the application of civil service in the employment of all 

employes, and with the installation of vacuum cleaning in 300 
schools, the cost to the Board for the maintenance and operation 
of its school buildings would be increased by an amount between 
$200,000 and $300,000 per annum, or about 25 per cent increase. 

(22) That vacuum cleaning, however, could not be installed in 300 schools 

immediately, and that the time is not ripe for the immediate and 
absolute application of the merit system to all positions in school 
operating and maintenance service. 

(23) That the inauguration of a system whereby the Board will have 

greater control over the employes and compensation paid them 
will increase the quality of the service more than enough to war- 
rant the small additional expense for additional supervision and 
more perfect records and systems of efficiency control. 

(24) That with improvements in records and systems and with the in- 

stallation of vacuum cleaning in different schools, the possibility 
of complete application of the merit system to the employment of 
all help in the engineer and janitor service will be brought nearer. 

(25) That the present rule of the Board requiring the engineers to submit 

once a year a statement of the names and addresses of the help 
employed is unsatisfactory and insufficient for the reason that the 
Board does not know positively that the amount of help as stated is 
employed throughout the year and has no record of the hours of 
work, class of help employed, and salary paid them. 

(26) That the records of coal consumption kept at present are inaccurate, 

not checked, and not kept up to date. 

(27) That under normal conditions any engineer should be able to keep 

his rate of coal consumption per thousand square feet of floor area 
within 5 per cent of the mean rate of coal consumption. 

(28) That there is a wide variation in coal consumption for the same size 

and type building, many instances in which one building will have 
half again as large coal consumption as a similar building, and ap- 
parently great difference in the efficiency of engineers. 

(29) That the "economy" efficiency markings which have been given to 

the school operating engineers during the past two years are not 
definite, and bear no relation to the actual economy of coal con- 
sumption. 

RECOMMENDATIONS. 

The Commission summarizes the recommendations included in the body of this 
report as follows: 

(1) That the salaries of the engineers in excess of the estimated allow- 

ance for their personal services be pro-rated and distributed over 
the twelve months of the year according to the amount of work to 
be done. 

(2) That the studies so far made be supplemented by further studies 

for the purpose of revising the present schedule along the follow- 
ing lines: 

(a) Make the compensation for heating and ventilating di- 

rectly proportional to the total floor area. . 

(b) Base the compensation for both daily and periodic clean- 

ing on total floor area, with additional allowances for 
the various kinds of rooms requiring more labor than 
is provided for by the general rate for all floor area. 

(c) Allow different rates for yards and lawns and allow com- 

pensation for areas in excess of 20,000 square feet. 

(d) Allow higher rates for the cleaning of such rooms as 

laboratories and also an extra rate per thousand square 
feet for the entire floor areas of high schools to pro- 
vide for the cleaning of such equipment as lockers and 
for the general higher qualifications demanded in the 
high school engineers. In this connection consider the 
feasibility of continuous cleaning in all high schools. 

43 



(e) Make each element of the schedule as above outlined 
cover the cost of the work done by the class of help 
employed, and add to the compensations thus deter- 
mined a certain per cent for supervision by the engi- 
gineers. This should be sufficient to provide for the 
engineers' estimated net salaries in those schools 
which are so large that practically all the engineers' 
time is demanded in supervision, and sufficient in the 
smallest schools to raise the amounts they save by 
doing part of the actual work themselves to minimum 
salaries due licensed engineers. 

(3) That in all high schools there be an engineer-custodian in charge of 

all work, and that the work be paid for on a schedule basis instead 
of a flat rate basis as at present. 

(4) That the total floor areas used in determining the compensation 

of school engineers be more accurately determined. 

(5) That localities be determined from available records of air analyses 

and from personal knowledge of atmospheric conditions wherein 
the frequency of cleaning the windows shall be made commensurate 
with the greater needs. 

(6) That a system be put into effect whereby reports shall be sent to 

school principals regarding teachers who unnecessarily open win- 
dows, and reports shall be sent to the chief engineer regarding 
school engineers who do not keep their heating and ventilating 
control equipment in good shape. 

(7) That the air intakes which are now located on the ground level and 

opening into a street or alley be relocated, and that fine mesh 
screens or cheesecloth be kept over these openings, and either 
humidifiers or air washers be installed. 

(8) That in selecting school equipment, such as desks, ornamental iron- 

work, and molding, more attention be given to the facility with 
which it may be kept clean, and that in particular the substitution 
of single pedestal desks for the present type be considered. 

(9) That the Board carefully consider the cost of vacuum cleaning with 

a view of installing it at once in all new buildings which it shall 
build and in buildings where conditions demand better cleaning, 
and installing it gradually in the 300 larger schools. 

(10) That the Board provide two additional inspectors of school property 

at entrance salaries of $1,440 per year, and that each inspector use a 
runabout in his daily inspection work, the runabout to be main- 
tained by the Board for use in the Board's work only. 

(11) That there be provided an assistant chief engineer in direct charge of 

the operation of school buildings, to whom the supervising engi- 
neers and inspectors of school property shall report and be directly 
responsible and who shall act as chief engineer in his absence. 

(12) That there be created the position of supervisor of school grounds 

at a salary of $2,520, who shall have general charge of all school 
grounds, playgrounds, etc., particularly in the layout of trees, 
shrubbery and other horticultural work; and that he be appointed 
according to the civil service law. 

(13) That there be in each school one person in complete charge of all 

other persons engaged in engineering and janitorial work, and that 
the title of this person, if a licensed engineer, be engineer-cus- 
todian, 

(14) That there be formulated rules specifying the age limits, physical 

qualifications, and moral fitness of each helper employed by the 
school engineers, that each helper be required to pass an examina- 
tion based upon these rules, and that in no case shall help be 
employed by engineers or others contrary to existing child labor 
or other employment laws. 

(15) That a form be prepared which the engineers shall be required to fill 

in and send to the Board office every two weeks, and that this form 
contain information as to the age, sex, hours of work, compensa- 
tion paid, and signature of receipt of compensation by each em- 
ploye, and that place be provided for remarks and- for explana- 
tion of any addition to or reduction from the regular forces. 

44 



(16) That this information be tabulated in the Board office and used to 

compare the compensation the engineers receive with the amount 
spent for help, from which a standard of compensation may be 
established for all employes. 

(17) That the Board, through its increased force of inspectors of school 

property and under the direction of the assistant chief engineer, 
investigate the cases where inefficient work is being done and 
study the conditions and develop and standardize proper systems 
and methods. 

(18) That all high schools be considered as a special group above the 

present schools in Group "A," and that promotions of engineers 
from Group "A" elementary schools to high schools be made on a 
basis of efficiency, seniority, and a written examination, as outlined 
under Rules II and III of the Board of Education and Rule VI of 
the Civil Service Commission. 

(19) That all transfers of engineers within groups, whether from ele- 

mentary school to elementary school or from high school to high 
school, be made on a basis of efficiency and seniority as outlined 
above under Rules II and III, except that "ascertained efficiency'' 
by examination should be omitted. 

(20) That a permanent corps of substitute engineers at annual compen- 

sations of $1,460 be maintained who will always be available for 
substitute work, and that these engineers be drawn from the reg- 
ular civil service lists, and that the salary paid to such substitutes 
be deducted from the salary paid to the regular school engineer. 

(21) That at such times as there is no need for some of the substitute 

engineer corps to do substitute work, they be assigned to different 
schools by the assistant chief engineer to get acquainted with the 
apparatus and methods used in the several schools. 

(22) That the filling of vacancies in the regular school engineer service 

be made by assigning the substitutes in the order of their seniority, 
and that the vacancies in the substitute list be filled from the civil 
service lists. 

(23) That when more substitute engineers are required than are provided 

by the permanent corps, temporary substitutes be taken prefer- 
ably from the civil service lists. 

(24) That the "economy" efficiency markings of school engineers be based 

upon coal consumption, as outlined in this report. 

(25) That a closed record system be used for keeping a complete check 

on the coal consumption in school buildings. 

(26)' That the supervising engineers, under the direction of the assistant 
chief engineer, develop definite regulations and standard methods 
and act as a corps of instructors for those engineers who need in- 
struction. 

(27) That plant conditions which make an "economy" mark of 80 impos- 
sible be not allowed to exist. 

Respectfully submitted, 

CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION, 

City of Chicago. 
(Signed) H. M. CAMPBELL, 
JOHN J. FLYNN, 
ELTON LOWER, 

Commissioners. 
Approved: 

EFFICIENCY DIVISION, 

Civil Service Commission. 

(Signed) JAMES MILES, 

Examiner in Charge, Efficiency Division. 

(Signed) J. L. JACOBS, 

Efficiency Engineer in Charge. 



45 



APPENDIX "A" 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 



MERCHANTS' ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK: Analysis of School 
Expenses of the City of New York, 1900. 

STRAYER, GEO. DRAYTON: City School Expenditures, the Variability 
and Inter-relation of the Principal Items; Teachers' College, Columbia 
University, 1905. 

CHANCELLOR: Our Schools, Their Administration and Supervision. 

DEVOE, H. M.: Janitor and Janitor-Engineer, The Chief Publishing 
Company, 1912. 

PATTERSON PUBLISHING COMPANY: Scientific Building Opera- 
tion, 1912. 

PERRY, THOMAS D.: Dustless Schools, Report on Vacuum Cleaning 
Tests in Grand Rapids Public Schools; American School Board Journal, 
Nov., 1910; Dec, 1910; Jan., 1911. 

COOLEY, M. S.: Tests of Vacuum Cleaning Tools and Exhausters, the 
Heating and Ventilating Magazine, Feb., 1912. 

REPORTS RECEIVED FROM NEW YORK: Memorandum relative to 
engineer and janitor service investigation, Board of Education, New 
York City, prepared December, 1910, by a staff member of the Bureau 
of Municipal Research, for the information of a special committee on 
compensation of janitors, Board of Estimate, in order to afford a basis 
of judgment for taking up the study of the subject. 

Report of a special examiner submitted to the special committee 
mentioned above, analyzing measurement system in vogue then and 
now in the majority of public schools of New York City, and recom- 
mending certain changes. 

A report by the auditor of the Board of Education of New York 
City deprecating the above report. 

Report on conditions and efficiency of public school buildings, New 
York City, dated July 11, 1912, submitted to the committee on school 
inquiry, Board of Estimate, and to the board by the committee. 

Joint reports of these two special committees — compensation of 
janitors and school inquiry — with respect to the question of janitorial 
compensation, submitted to the Board of Estimate at its meeting 5 of 
March 27, 1913. 



APPENDIX "B" 

COMMUNICATION FROM ASSOCIATION OF 

SCHOOL ENGINEERS 



In their letter addressed to the Commission on May 27, 1913, the association of 
school engineers enumerated certain faults of the system of compensation and 
recommendations for improvement of service. Under "Faults of the System" they 
gave the following: 

"The diversity of architecture makes any comprehensive system difficult of 
application. 

The location and environment of the buildings are large factors in the cost 
of maintenance but cannot be taken care of in the application of a schedule. 

46 



The centralization of responsibility on the engineer for multitudinous duties 
is out of all proportion to the compensation paid. 

The personal service demanded in each building and not specified by rule 
would not be demanded nor expected from any engineer or custodian of any 
other class of buildings. 

The constant changing of educational requirements entails extra work with- 
out additional compensation. 

Unreasonably long hours are required for proper supervision of janitor 
work. 

There is the possibility of personal liability for an injury to any employee. 

It is impracticable to define within reasonable limitations the extent and 
scope of duties. 

It is difficult to secure competent help for casual labor. 

Established rules are changed from time to time by executive order." 
The following recommendations for improvement were given: 

"If Square Foot Basis is Used — 

That rules of the Board of Education regarding the opening and closing 
of buildings be enforced by furnishing the engineer with suitable blanks on 
which he will be required to report each and every time principal and teachers 
remain in building after closing hours, and that compensation at schedule rates 
be allowed for all such times. 

That the present practice of fixing compensation for extra cleanings ordered 
by inspectors of cleaning be abolished and regular rates made covering all cases. 
That the engineers be not required nor permitted to have any duties in 
connection with the care of children in any part of the building or grounds. 

That the co-operation of principals and teachers be required by the Board 
of Education in keeping the rooms clean in the following particulars : 
Have desks folded at close of daily session. 
Have everything removed from tops of desks, teachers' tables 

and window sills, at close of each session. 
Remove chalk and erasers from chalk troughs. 
That the Board of Education assume liability for injury to employes. 
That extra compensation be allowed where additional rooms, such as dental 
rooms, clay modeling rooms, cold air rooms, teachers' lunch rooms, etc., are 
added to a school, requiring extra equipment, and entailing extra work. 
That architects aid by — 

Having door panels stenciled on. 
Using single pedestal desks. 

Using rounded corners in rooms, halls and stairs. 
Using no picture molding, ledges, or other dust-catching factors. 
Using plain iron for desk supports. 
That more adequate compensation be allowed for the use of buildings after 
regular hours. 

That each factor of the schedule be made more nearly self-suporting. 
That compensation for the sweeping and dusting of assembly halls and 
gymnasiums be allowed. 

That more adequate compensation be allowed for the care of grounds. 
That storerooms for engineers' supplies be installed in all buildings adjacent 
to the engine rooms. 

That adequate cleaning facilities be installed for help. 
That the title of engineer be changed to engineer-custodian. 

If Square Foot System is to be Discontinued — 

That payment of engineers be made on basis of eight hours work with time 
and one-half allowance for all time over this. 

That no duties be required of the engineer other than in connection with 
his work. 

That the scope of the engineer's duties consist of heating, ventilating, plumb- 
ing, and sewerage. 

That engineers be not required to do firing." 



47 



APPENDIX "C" 
CHICAGO SCHEDULES FOR THE PAST FOUR YEARS 



The schedule in effect during the period January 1, 1910, to January 1, 1911, 
included an item of "Compensation for Care of Buildings," which covered the allow- 
ance for all the cleaning required and for part of the heating and ventilating. The rest 
of the allowance for heating and ventilating was provided for by certain allowances 
for heating apparatus, steam engines, combination engines, blowers and fans, p'umps 
and compressors, electric motors, lines of shafting, and engines and dynamos. Side- 
walks were allowed for at a rate equal to one-half that allowed for care of buildings. 
Yards and lawns were figured at the rate of $3.00 per thousand square feet per 
annum up to a maximum of 20,000 square feet; extras similar to those in the present 
schedule were also allowed. This schedule was similar to New York's present 
schedule, except that yards and lawns were not paid for at the high rate allowed 
for sidewalks and that extras were allowed which were not included in the New 
York schedule. The rates of compensation provided for in the Chicago schedule, 
however, were less than the similar rates in the New York schedule. 

During the period January 1, 1911 to May 5, 1911, the basis of measurement of 
school buildings was changed from outside dimensions to inside dimensions and 
10 per cent increase in the schedule was made. The effect of this change on twenty 
schools is shown in Exhibit "D." For most schools the result was a small increase. 

The schedule in effect from May 5, 1911, to July 1, 1912, was in two parts, one 
providing for buildings heated by high pressure steam apparatus, and the other for 
buildings heated by low pressure steam apparatus, furnaces, and stoves. For buildings 
heated by high pressure steam apparatus, the rate for care of buildings was increased 
and was again based upon outside building dimensions instead of inside, but the 
rate for sidewalks was cut down to $5.00 a thousand square feet, and no allowance 
was made for the number of pieces of different kinds of mechanical equipment. For 
buildings heated by low pressure steam, the schedule was similar to the one previously 
in effect, except that the floor area was determined from outside building dimensions 
and the compensation allowed for mechanical equipment applied only to boilers, 
furnaces, and stoves. As is shown in Exhibit "D 1 ," this schedule provided a sub- 
stantial increase. 

Since July 1, 1912, the present schedule has been in effect, a complete copy of 
which is here given. The schedule again provides an increase. The result of the 
changes of schedule during the past four years has amounted to an increase of 
approximately 20 per cent in the engineers' salaries. 

Present Schedule of Compensation. 

The basis on which salaries of engineers and janitors of Chicago public school 
buildings are computed, is as follows: 

Compensation for Care of Buildings Heated by Low Pressure Apparatus. 

The area in square feet (outside measurements) covered by building or 
buildings, under the charge of each engineer shall be multiplied by the number 
of stories in the building. 

The yearly salary for heating, ventilating, and cleaning the building shall 
be determined as follows : 

Buildings containing less than 20,000 square feet $1,320.00 

Buildings containing from 20,000 to 24,000 square feet 1,485.00 

48 



For all other buildings as follows : 



For Heating and Ventilating. 



Sq. 
25. 
26 
27, 
28 
29. 
30. 
31, 
32, 
33, 
34 
35 
36 
37, 
38. 
39, 
40, 
41, 
42, 
43, 
44, 
45, 
46. 
47, 
48, 
49, 
50, 
51, 
52, 
53, 
54, 
55, 
56, 
57, 
58, 
59, 
60, 
61, 
62, 



feet 



Amount per 
annum 



000 $1,350.00 

000 1,370.00 

000 1,390.00 

000 1,410.00 

000 1,430.00 

000 1,450.00 

000 1,470.00 

000 1,490.00 

000 1,510.00 

000 1,530.00 

000 1,550.00 

000 1,570.00 

000 1,590.00 

000 1,610.00 

000 1,630.00 

000 1,650.00 

000 1,670.00 

000 1,690.00 

000 ..'. 1,710.00 

000 1,730.00 

000 1,750.00 

000 1,770.00 

000 1,790.00 

000 1,810.00 

000 1,830,00 

000 1,850.00 

000 1,870.00 

000 1,890.00 

000 1,910.00 

000 1,930.00 

000 1,950.00 

,000 1,970.00 

000 1,990.00 

000 2,010.00 

000 2,030.00 

000 2,050.00 

000 2,070.00 

000 ' 2,090.00 



Sq. feet 
63,000 
64,000 
65,000 
66,000 
67,000 
68,000 
69,000 
70,000 
71,000 
72,000 
73,000 
74,000 
75,000 
76,000 
77,000 
78,000 
79,000 
80,000 
81,000 
82,000 
83,000 
84,000 
85,000 
86,000 
87,000 
88,000 
89,000 
90,000 
91,000 
92,000 
93,000 
94,000 
95,000 
96,000 
97.000 
98,000 
99,000 

100,000 



A 



mount per 
annum 
.$2,110.00 

. 2,130.00 

. 2,150.00 

. 2,170.00 

. 2,190.00 

. 2,210.00 

. 2,230.00 

. 2,250.00 

. 2,270.00 

. 2,290.00 

. 2,310.00 

. 2,330.00 

. 2,350.00 

. 2,370.00 

. 2,390.00 

. 2,410.00 

. 2,430.00 

. 2,450.00 

. 2,480.00 

. 2,510.00 

. 2,540.00 

. 2,570.00 

. 2,600.00 

. 2,630.00 

. 2,660.00 

. 2,690.00 

. 2,720.00 

. 2,750.00 

. 2,780.00 

. 2,810.00 

. 2,840.00 

. 2,870.00 

. 2,900.00 

. 2,930.00 

. 2,960.00 

. 2,990.00 

. 3,020.00 

. 3,050.00 



For all buildings containing over 100,000 square feet, the yearly salary for 
heating and ventilating shall be determined by the addition of $30.00 for each 
additional thousand square feet. 

Cleaning. 

The yearly salary for the five cleanings, required under the rules of the 
Board, to be a fixed rate of $6.25 a thousand square feet. 

Janitor Work. 

The yearly salary for janitor work to be a fixed rate of $20.00 for each 
room used for class or library purposes. 

High Schools. 

All high schools, the salary of which is computed according to the square 
foot basis, shall be based upon a standard rate of $13.00 for each thousand 
square feet of area. 

Sidewalks, Etc. 

All cement, concrete, flagged or plank sidewalks, and light courts, connected 
with the building or buildings, shall also be measured in square feet, and on the 
same shall be calculated an amount at the rate of $5.00 a thousand square 
feet per annum. 

49 



Yards and Lawns. 

All school yards, whether brick paved, cinders, gravel, sand, dirt or other 
material, and all school lawns, shall also be measured in square feet (until the 
maximum of 20,000 square feet is reached) and the same shall be figured at the 
rate of $3.00 a thousand square feet per annum. 

Compensation for Care of Buildings Heated by Low Pressure Apparatus. 

The yearly salary for heating and ventilating the various school buildings, 
heated by low pressure apparatus, shall be as follows : 

Flower Technical High. . . .$1,800.00 King $1,350.00 

Brainard 1,250.00 Kinzie Branch 1,100.00 

Emerson 1,250.00 Mann Branch 1,100.00 

Froebel 1,550.00 Moseley 1,450.00 

Grant 1,350.00 Ravenswood (old) 850.00 

Hancock 1,080.00 Sexton 1,350.00 

Haven 1,610.00 Taylor 1,100.00 

Kenwood 1,250.00 

Compensation for cleaning and janitor work to be paid for according to 
regular schedule rates. 

Compensation for Care of Buildings Heated by Furnaces. 

The yearly salary for heating and ventilating the various school buildings, 
heated by furnace, shall be as follows : 

Hyde Park High (Branch) .$1,200.00 Lloyd Branch 1 $ 450.00 

Lake View High Branch . . 850.00 Marsh Branch 1 850.00 

Burns (old) 900.00 Mayfair Branch 3 850.00 

Clay 850.00 Park Manor 950.00 

Emmet 925.00 Sawyer Avenue 900.00 

Goudy Branch 675.00 Sheridan Branch 1,450.00 

Gresham Branch 850.00 

Compensation for cleaning and janitor work to be paid for according to 
regular schedule rates. 

Compensation for Extra Work in All Buildings. 

Care of Manual Training Rooms, daily, per annum $18.00 

Scrubbing Principals' Offices, semi-monthly, per annum 15.00 

Scrubbing Domestic Science Centers, semi-weekly, per annum 75.00 

Sweeping Kindergarten Rooms, daily, after each morning session, per 

annum 20.00 

Scrubbing Kindergarten Rooms, semi-monthly, per annum 15.00 

Scrubbing Pupils' Toilet Rooms, above basement, semi-monthly, per annum 15.00 
Scrubbing Principals' and Teachers' Toilet Rooms, semi-monthly, per annum 7.50 

(No extra compensation to be paid for the extra scrubbing of toilet rooms 
adjoining principals' offices, nor for kindergarten toilet rooms.) 

Portable Buildings. 

(On site of Main Buildings.) 

For the first building, per annum $120.00 

For each additional building, per annum 60.00 

(On Independent sites.) 

For the first building, per annum $420.00 

For each additional building, per annum 60.00 

Deductions for Class Rooms Not Used. 

For each class room not in use daily, deduct a month $1.66 

Compensation for Evening School Engineers and Janitors. 

In all school buildings, in which evening school sessions and social centers 
are held, engineers shall receive 90 cents per hour, for four hours, each evening 
the school is in session. 

Janitors shall receive $1.25 an evening each evening the school is in session. 

Sweeping to be paid for at the rate of 10 cents a room. 

50 



Exemptions. 

The following described buildings are exempt from the application of the 
"square foot system" in the computing of salaries : 

Buildings rented by the Board for school purposes. 

School buildings owned by the Board containing five or less class rooms. 

The salaries of janitors or janitresses of the above two classes of buildings 
are computed on the following basis : 

Buildings rented by the Board for school purposes : $30.00 a month for one 
class room and $5.00 a month for each additional class room. 

School buildings owned by the Board containing five or less class rooms 
(portable schools excepted) : $35.00 a month for one class room and $5.00 a 
month for each additional class room. 

The extra $5.00 a month for buildings owned by the Board is allowed 
because of _ the large amount of ground and sidewalk space in connection with 
these buildings, the same being under the care of the janitor or janitress. 

Buildings, the peculiarity of which makes it an impossibility to establish a 
fair and equitable basis for compensation by the use of the "square foot system." 

A fixed salary for buildings of this class is established by the Secretary of 
the Board, approved by the Committee on Buildings and Grounds, and then by 
the Board of Education. 

In accordance with the above schedules, all school buildings were classified into 
groups by the efficiency division of this Commission in August, 1911, as given in AP- 
PENDIX "E," and these are now in effect in the assignment of school engineers. 

The square foot measurements used in applying the above schedules to the 
various school buildings are made by the bureau of repairs. The other information 
necessary, s'uch as number of occupied and unoccupied classrooms, and extra work 
covered by the schedule, is furnished by the school principals. 



APPENDIX "D" 

SCHEDULES OF NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, 
AND BOSTON 



New York Schedule. 

The present New York schedule of compensating school engineers was adopted 
August 30, 1910, tentatively, until the investigations that have been going on since 
early in 1910 shall have been completed. 

The schedule as it now stands is divided into three parts and is essentially based 
on the square foot system of compensating engineers. Each school engineer is paid 
a given rate according to the schedule for the total floor area of his building, based 
upon outside building dimensions. He is also paid a rate equal to one-half the 
above scheduled rate for the total area of all paved, flagged, or planked sidewalks 
and yards around the building. The third factor of compensation is based upon the 
mechanical equipment of the school building, which provides a given amount for the 
first piece of apparatus and for each additional piece of the same kind. 

The first part of the schedule takes care of the major portion of the compensa- 
tion. The second part allows a higher rate for paved yards and sidewalks than do 
the similar portions of the Chicago, Philadelphia, and Boston schedules. The third 
part of the schedule does not vary greatly with the size of the building, since the 
size of the mechancal equipment and not the number of individual pieces usually 
increases with the size of the building. 

51 



Philadelphia Schedule. 

The Philadelphia compensation schedule, reported upon December 27, 1912, is a 
revision of a former schedule which had been in effect five years. This schedule is 
computed upon the following basis: 

(1) Scrubbing floors. 

(2) Heating buildings. 

(3) Cleaning windows. 

(4) Cleaning yards and sidewalks. 

(5) Caring for lawns and grass plots. 

(6) Caring for dirt, cinder, or coarse grass play grounds. 

The schedule for scrubbing floors is close to the Boston schedule for cleaning 
and probably is intended to take care of all cleaning which is done in a building, 
except window washing. It is based upon total floor area determined from inside 
dimensions. 

The compensation for the heating of buildings is provided for by three schedules 
according to whether the buildings are plenum heated, gravity heated, or hot air 
heated. The schedules are based upon the cubical contents of the building (inside 
dimensions) and not on the floor area. 

The allowance for cleaning windows is 2^4c per square foot per year, for five 
cleanings on both sides of the glass. This amount is allowed for all windows, 
transoms, doors, and glass in cases. 

The allowance for cleaning yards and sidewalks is $4.00 per thousand square feet. 

The allowance for lawns and grass plots is $3.00 per thousand square feet. 

The allowance for dirt, cinder, or coarse grass play grounds is $1.00 per thousand 
square feet. 

An additional allowance of $50.00 per annum is made for each humidifier. 

Boston Schedule. 

The Boston schedule (which covers all school buildings with exception of the 
Mechanics' Art High Schools, Trade School for Girls, Boston Industrial School for 
Boys, and certain hired buildings) is the result of work of a special committee on 
janitors' salaries which submitted its report on December 23, 1912. Up to the time 
of this investigation there was in effect a schedule of salaries adopted January 1, 
1904. The work of the committee in 1912 was for the purpose of revising the former 
schedule to care for the higher standards of cleanliness set by the school committee 
and for the additional work thereby imposed upon the janitors, and to remedy any 
defects which the operation of the old schedule had brought to light. 

In the new schedule five factors are used as a basis upon which to compute the 
engineers' salaries, viz.: 

1. Cleaning. 

2. Heating, ventilating, and superintendence. 

3. Washing windows. 

4. Care of yards and sidewalks. 

5. Care of lawns. 

Under "cleaning"' is included both the daily care and cleaning of class rooms and 
the periodic scrubbing of floors and other general cleaning, except window washing. 
Inside building dimensions are used in calculating floor area used as a basis both 
for this portion of the schedule and for the heating and ventilating. 

Heating and ventilating compensation is computed on one of three schedules, 
according to the type of heating plant in the building. 

School buildings are divided into three classes, similar to the three classes used 
in the Philadelphia schedule. 

Washing of windows is based upon the total area of sashes and includes all 
windows, transoms, doors, and glass in permanent bookcases. The rate is l / 2 c per 
sq'uare foot for washing both sides of the glass. 

Care of yards and sidewalks is based upon their total area and is allowed a rate 
of 2/10 of lc per square foot. 

Care of lawns is based upon the total area and is allowed at the rate of 3/10 
of lc per square foot. 

52 



APPENDIX " E " 

RULES FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCHOOL 

ENGINEERS 



RULE 1. 

Groups in Grade I. 

The position of School Engineer as classified in Division E — Branch B — Grade I, 
of the Rules of the Civil Service Commission, shall be divided into four groups for 
the purpose of salary advancement, according to (1) the size of the buildings to 
which the position in question is attached and the amount of janitor work connected 
with the care thereof, and (2) the size and complexity of the mechanical equipment and 
various appliances, the care and operation of which are involved in the duties of said 
position. 

These features of the duties of each position shall be weighed in accordance with 
the total compensation allowed that position in the salary schedule adopted by the 
Board of Education. 

And it is hereby expressly understood that each engineer shall be classified in 
that group in which he shall be found at the time this grouping goes into effect. The 
groups shall be defined as follows: 

GROUP A — All positions of School Engineer receiving a total salary of $3,000.00 
per annum, or greater. 

GROUP B — All positions of School Engineer receiving a total salary of $2,500.00 
per annum or more and less than $3,000.00 per annum. 

GROUP C — All positions of School Engineer receiving a total salary of $2,100.00 
per annum or more and less than $2,500.00 per annum. 

GROUP D — All positions of School Engineer reciving a total salary of less than 
$2,100.00 per annum. Also all positions of Assistant School Engineer. 

All engineers who are in charge of buildings where other help is employed by the 
Board of Education either in the engineering or janitor service, shall be placed in 
that group in which they would be placed if they were receiving a total salary paid 
for such building and said building shall be classed in that group. 

When any school building is so altered that the position of School Engineer 
for that building is raised to a higher group, the person holding such position may 
remain in it without being certified for advancement, but he shall remain in the 
original group until he has passed an examination for advancement. After having 
qualified for advancement, said person shall be certified to the next higher group, 
with the right of transfer within that group, until he reaches the group in which the 
school at which he is placed is classified, after which time he is eligible for advance- 
ment to the next higher group. 

When any reduction in the salary of a position of School Engineer reduces that 
position to the lower group, the standing of the person holding such position shall 
not be affected. 

RULE II. 

Advance from Group to Group. 

All original certifications to positions of School Engineer shall be made to the 
lowest group, and vacancies in the higher groups shall be filled by advancement from 
the group below. No persons shall be eligible for examination for advancement 
from any group in Grade I unless he has served in such group, by actual employment, 

53 



for at least six months. Advancement shall be based on recorded and ascertained 
efficiency and seniority in service, subjects and weights to be as follows: 

Recorded efficiency 6 

Ascertained efficiency (as determined by written examination) 2.5 

Seniority — to be added according to provisions of Rule III 1.5 

The mark for recorded efficiency shall be derived by averaging all recorded 
general efficiency averages for the year immediately preceding the examination. The 
method of recording these marks shall be as prescribed in Rule IV of these Rules. 
The mark for ascertained efficiency shall be determined by a written examination 
covering the duties and matters pertaining to the work of positions of School 
Engineer. This examination shall be prepared and held under the supervision of the 
Civil Service Commission. 

RULE III. 

Seniority in Advancement. 

Credit for seniority shall be given in all examinations for advancement. The 
amount of this credit shall be based on the length of service in the group from which 
the applicant seeks advancement, in accordance with the following schedule: 

For each full year of the first five years of service 1.5 

For each of the next five years of service 1.0 

For each full subsequent year 0.1 

(The markings as determined above are added to a mark of 75.) 

RULE TV. J 

Efficiency Markings. 

Monthly efficiency markings of all persons in position of School Engineer and 
Assistant School Engineer shall be recorded in the office of the Chief Engineer 
of the Board of Education, by such person or persons as are designated by him. These 
efficiency markings shall be based on the following elements: 

Attendance. 
Discipline. 
Quality of work. 

RULE V. 

Eligible Registers. 

All persons in positions in any group, or who are eligible for reinstatement in 
that group, who have an average of proficiency of seventy per cent or over in all 
subjects of examination for advancement, shall have their names entered upon an 
eligible register for promotion from that group, which register shall be kept in the 
office of the Chief Engineer of the Board of Education. 

RULE VI. 

Classification. 

When a vacancy occurs in any group, the Chief Engineer shall certify the person 
standing at the head of the eligible register for that group. In case the two highest 
men on the list shall have the same general average, the person with the highest 
mark for seniority shall be certified. Any person designated and offered advancement 
who does not accept same within five days shall have his name placed at the bottom 
of the schedule for advancement of that group. The Commission may permit eligibles 
to waive such advancement in cases where it considers the reasons given for such 
waivers as good and sufficient and where it is desirable to keep the name of the 
eligible on the schedule from which advancement is to be made. If the reasons 
assigned are not approved by the Commission, then the name of the eligible so 
designated or offered advancement, shall be placed at the bottom of the schedule of 
advancement for that group. Waivers must be filed with the chief engineer of the 

54 



Board of Education within five days from date of designation for advancement, and if 
approved, the name of such eligible shall not be certified until the waiver has been 
withdrawn. Waivers, whether continuous or otherwise, shall not be permitted for a 
period longer than one year. 

RULE VII. 

Expiration of Lists. 

Eligible lists for advancement shall expire by limitation of time in three years from 
date of posting thereof. 

RULE VIII. 

Transfer. 

With the consent of any person in Grade I, such person may be transferred from 
a position in a higher group to one in a lower group in said Grade. No transfer 
shall be made which shall place any person in a position classified in a group above 
that for which he last qualifies for promotion. 

RULE IX. 

Reinstatement. 

Whenever it becomes necessary for any cause, to lay off an engineer in Grade I, 
his name shall be placed on a list for reinstatement in his group. Reinstatement shall 
be made in order of lay-off, the last person laid off being given the first opportunity 
for reinstatement. No certification shall be made from the list of eligibles for advance- 
ment to any group until the list of eligibles for reinstatement in that group has been 
exhausted. 



APPENDIX "F" 
VACUUM CLEANING 



Milwaukee was one of the first cities to install vacuum cleaning in school 
buildings, one of the installations having been in service six years. The oldest and 
the majority of the systems installed are operated by high vacuum machines of 
the rotary pump type and are equipped with special school room cleaning tools to 
facilitate cleaning around the desk legs. 

Several of the vacuum installations in Milwaukee were inspected and time studies 
taken at two of the buildings, in which the class rooms were of about the same 
size as those in Chicago school buildings. At one school the engineer cleaned a 
class room in ten minutes, twenty-seven seconds, including connecting and discon- 
necting hose and changing tools. Nine inches (mercury) of vacuum was carried at 
the machine in the basement and fifty feet of \Y\" and twenty-five feet of 1" metal 
hose was used between the baseboard outlet and the cleaning tool. The engineer 
stated that he could do the cleaning quicker than with the broom. He advised that 
no repairs had been made to the system since its installation two years ago with 
the exception of repairs to the hose. 

At the other school the equipment was similar except that seventy-five feet of 1%" 
metal hose was used and the engineer preferred an ordinary type of bare floor tool 
to the special school room type. This engineer worked at about the same speed 
as the other one, but his woman assistant, a slow moving, awkward individual, took 
about two minutes longer and did not do a first class job. The engineer figures that 
it takes him as long to sweep with the vacuum cleaner as with sawdust and broom, 
but he only dusts once a week now, and says the quality of work done is far superior. 

55 



The oldest installation of vacuum cleaning in Milwaukee schools was visited 
after all the floors had been cleaned. No time studies were taken. The engineer had 
timed himself and says that the usual time required to clean a class room is five 
minutes. He uses the special class room tool and has equipped it with an extra 
long handle to enable him to reach under five desks. He uses 100 feet of 1" metal 
hose. In his opinion, vacuum cleaning is much easier and quicker than the old- 
fashioned method. 

The New Trier High School, Kenilworth, Illinois, is equipped with a six sweeper 
machine of the multi-stage fan type. Time studies taken there indicate that it takes 
slightly more than seven minutes total time per class room 21 feet by 31 feet con- 
taining thirty-five desks. There are not only fewer desks than in Chicago elementary 
schools, but the desks are larger and therefore it is easier to clean under them. The 
janitor who did the work is a fast worker. He believes the time required to clean 
with vacuum cleaning is practically the same as that required by the sawdust and 
broom method, but he prefers to use vacuum cleaning. 

For the past two years or more some tests have been made at the Van Vlissingen 
school in this city on three different vacuum cleaning systems. The Board of 
Education appropriated sufficient money to cover the installation of piping in the 
school for the purpose of conducting these tests, but the appropriation was not 
sufficient to purchase machines or to provide for any testing other than that done 
b3 r the school engineer on his own time. Up to the present, there have been machines 
installed by three companies at their expense, and some tests have been made by 
the school engineer, records of which are in the hands of the chief engineer of the 
Board of Education. 

The first machine installed at the Van Vlissingen school was of the single-stage 
fan type and developed about 2 1 /4" of vacuum. A lj4" hose was used with this 
installation so that notwithstanding the low vacuum in the machine, about 1" was 
obtainable at the tool. The second machine installed was of the multi-stage fan 
type and developed about 6" vacuum. A 1^4" hose was used with this installation 
and about 2" vacuum was obtained at the tool. 

The machine now installed at this school is of the double impeller positive action 
type and develops about 10" vacuum. The hose furnished with this installation is 1", 
and the vacuum obtained at the end of 75 feet of hose is about 2". The above values 
of vacuum at the tool are those that obtain with a Y\" orifice, which seems to be the 
generally used standard in determining requirements for bare floor cleaning. 

It was found that the time required to clean a class room, using the special class 
room tool such as is used in Milwaukee, was about 24 minutes. The floors were not 
very dirty and only fine dust had to be picked up, but the operators were inexperienced. 
An attempt was made to duplicate conditions in extremely bad weather by scatter- 
ing about a few quarts of dirt on the class room floor and treading part of it down. 
The largest pieces of dirt were about Y\" in diameter. It took about an hour to 
clean this room. 

Three different kinds of tools were used, including the special class room tool, 
but neither the opening in the tools nor the vacuum seemed sufficient to take up the 
large quantity of dirt. The passage of such large quantities of dirt through the 
hose evidently reduced the vacuum greatly at the orifice and it was not only difficult 
to pick up the largest pieces of dirt, but even the smaller particles could not all be 
taken up upon the first passage of the tool over the floor. With l%" or V/2" hose 
and different tools, it is possible that speed approaching 20 minutes could be obtained 
even under the above extreme conditions. The vacuum developed by the machine is 
more than sufficient, provided loss of vacuum in the pipe and hose is not abnormal. 
No data has been obtained, however, as to the cubic feet of air displacement and it 
is not known whether this machine has a displacement sufficient to properly handle 
the large quantity of dirt which obtains in extremely muddy weather. 

The supervisor of janitors, Department of Education, New York City, advises 
that many different vacuum cleaners were tried in their school buildings, but were 

56 



all found impracticable owing to the long hose arrangement. He stated further that 
it was impossible to clean a building in the short time after school hours with the 
amount of help now employed, and that with vacuum cleaning four or five times the 
present number of people would be required. 

The following is quoted from the last Annual Report of the Schoolhouse Depart- 
ment of Boston: 

"In 1905 the Schoolhouse Department installed a vacuum cleaning plant 
in one of its new buildings. The system was not considered a success and 
nothing further was done in this line until 1910, at which time the attention of 
the Board was called to the progress which had been made in perfecting vacuum 
cleaning apparatus, particularly with reference to apparatus for cleaning bare 
floors. 

A temporary plant was installed and connected to the piping in the building 
previously mentioned and was found to be a complete success. 

The Board then determined to make further tests with the object of 
determining the relative value of the various systems, of which there are many. 
With this object in view, eight buildings have been equipped (two uncompleted) 
with systems furnished by five different firms, and their operation is being care- 
fully watched. Two of the systems have been in use sufficiently long to prove 
that they do what is required. 

The others, while operating fairly well at present, have not been in use 
long enough to justify an opinion as to their merits. 

Lack of suitable equipment for testing these plants has prevented the pub- 
lication of any figures pertaining to efficiency or cost of operation, but it is 
expected that we will be able to give some definite figures in our next report." 

The Cincinnati Board of Education reported that it has had a good deal of 
experience with vacuum cleaners in school buildings and has determined upon the 
turbine type machine for all future installations. No information as to costs of 
operation was given. 

In addition to an opinion as to the satisfaction of vacuum cleaning, the Board 
oT Education of St. Louis furnished copies of tests made with different types of 
machines and costs of operation. The St. Louis Board has certain requirements as 
to the rates and manner of doing the work. The test usually required is that the 
contractor mix and scatter over nine class rooms a mixture of five parts sand, one 
part flour, and one part powdered charcoal. Five pounds of this mixture are sprinkled 
in each class room. The contractor must guarantee to clean these floors at the rate 
of 4,500 square feet per hour in corridors and unobstructed rooms. 

The size opening in the tool in St. Louis is )4" by the length of the tool, which 
varies from 12" to 24". When the tool is on the floor and being used, the vacuum 
as measured by a mercury column corresponds to about fy&" or 24" opening in free 
air. Three tools may be used at one time. The cost of the tool is about $8.00 com- 
plete and the rubber sides cost about $1.50. The hose is 1>4" inside diameter and 
must be renewed about once a year. The experience in St. Louis is that maintenance 
cost of the vacuum machine itself is not large. 

As to the cost of vacuum cleaning in St. Louis, they make no change in the 
number of janitors on account of its use. They report that it takes a man about six 
minutes to sweep a class room with a bristle brush, while with the vacuum cleaner 
he can hardly get over the room in that time, but does not have to do so much 
dusting afterward. In their opinion, the better condition of the buildings justifies 
the use of vacuum cleaners. 

From the power consumption tests at one of the St. Louis schools, it was found 
that the kilowatt hours per class room per school year was 139.7 and the cost of 
power per class room per school year was $8.52. At the rates paid at present by 
the Chicago Board of Education to the Commonwealth Edison Company, the cost 
would be about $4.89. 

In the issues of the American School Board Journal of November and December, 
1910, and January, 1911, appear articles by Thomas D. Perry, Secretary of the Grand 
Rapids School Board, which included a copy of the competitive tests made on four 
different types of vacuum cleaners, together with a description of the tests and of 
the machines tested. 

57 



Besides the usual tests of vacuum, air displacement, and power consumption, 
tests were made on various sizes and kinds of hose to determine the loss in vacuum 
and the pull required to drag the hose on the floor. Less vacuum loss was found in 
rubber hose than in steel hose of the same size. The effort required to drag hose was 
considerably less for steel than for rubber, and for pulling hose around two or more 
90° turns, 1J4" hose required less effort than 1" hose. Data is also given regarding 
the time and kilowatt hours power consumption required to clean 1,000 square feet, 
determined from tests carried on for from three to twelve days with, each of the 
different types of machines. The time required to clean 1,000 square feet varied from 
8.81 minutes to 10.87 minutes (average for all corridor and class room floors). 

Similar tests to those at Grand Rapids were made in Detroit in 1911, and the 
Boards of Education in both these cities seem to be well pleased with vacuum cleaning. 



APPENDIX "G" 

DUTIES OF EMPLOYES IN BUREAU OF 
SCHOOL ENGINEERING 



Chief Engineer. 

Directs all engineering work in design, installation, and construction of lighting, 
heating, ventilating, plumbing, sanitary, and electrical apparatus in Board of Educa- 
tion buildings, and in the preparation of estimates and specifications therefor. Has 
responsible charge of the operation and maintenance of all the mechanical appliances 
in such buildings and the general care and janitor work therein. 

Assistant Chief Engineer. 

In the absence of the chief engineer assumes his duties; is in direct charge of 
the construction and installation of mechanical equipment in new buildings, and of the 
maintenance,- operation, and inspection of mechanical equipment in occupied buildings, 
and of all the work done by the supervising engineers, inspectors of school property, 
and school engineers. 

Heating and Ventilating Engineer. 

Has general supervision of drafting force, and issues rules governing same under 
the instructions of the chief engineer or his assistant; issues necessary instructions, 
and keeps employes in his department supplied with work; reports upon their effi- 
ciency to the chief engineer. 

Makes necessary calculations and prepares specifications for heating, ventilating, 
plumbing, and lighting equipment on new and old buildings; confers with architect's 
department promptly for desired changes on construction and certifies completed 
cHanges. 

Checks details of various apparatus and dictates letters in regard to them; 
prepares estimates and checks bids for various branches of work in this department; 
keeps record of Board authorities on matters requiring specifications and follows 
to conclusion; takes up recommendations made by supervising engineers where plans 
are involved and interprets conflicts in regard to specifications when they arise. 
Performs other duties to which he may be assigned. 

58 



School Electrical Engineer. 

In the absence of the heating and ventilating designing engineer, assumes his 
duties. Makes necessary calculations, prepares specifications, supervises and checks 
making of plans and details of the installation of electric generators, motors, pumps, 
lighting, machinery, etc. 

Prepares estimates and checks bills and bids for above work. Dictates letters 
to contractors and makes recommendations to the chief engineer on various devices 
submitted. Visits buildings and makes final inspections before payment is made. 

Assists and advises with heating and ventilating engineer in connection with 
plans and specifications for heating and ventilating. Keeps proper records of motors, 
pumps, lights, etc. Performs such other work as may be assigned. 

School Sanitary Engineer. 

Gives necessary instructions and keeps the assistants assigned to him supplied 
with work; prepares plans, details, and specification and checks trial sets of plans for 
heating, ventilating, and sewerage work; makes all required stack diagrams in accord- 
ance with city ordinances. 

Secures necessary data from city records of sewer and water pipes and compares 
same with plans before trial prints are returned to architect. 

Makes calculations required in connection with plumbing and sewerage work and 
assists in this character of work in other branches. 

Visits buildings and secures measurements and performs such other duties as 
may be of assistance to the office as directed. Keeps informed as to the general work 
ot the office, that he may take up same in the absence of other engineers. 

Electrical Mechanic. 

Repairs pump governors (alternating and direct current); tests for location of 
short circuits in lighting and makes necessary repairs; inspects new work under 
direction of electrical engineer; installs electrical fixtures and motors. Position is 
for mechanic whom the union would describe as a "Card A" man — the highest type of 
electrical mechanic, one competent to maintain as well as install equipment. 

Machinist. 

Repairs and adjusts mechanical appliances used in school buildings. 

Supervising Engineer. 

Inspects and tests work in erection and alteration of buildings and makes final 
tests upon completion; submits daily reports on buildings visited, giving time of 
arrival and departure and indicating the number of mechanics employed; also shows 
progress and mentions details not receiving proper attention. 

Examines carefully all devices in use in school buildings and elsewhere, when 
requested, and reports upon same to the chief engineer; visits buildings in rotation, 
unless otherwise instructed, and instructs engineers and janitors in the performance 
of their duties and the operations of new plants. 

Notes operation of heating and ventilating systems and general conditions of 
buildings, and reports upon same to the chief engineer; notes violation of smoke 
ordinance, and directs engineers' attention thereto; supervises repairs of mechanical 
•apparatus in school buildings in their respective districts; transmits bills for same 
to proper clerk for auditing; supervises installation of all mechanical devices in 
new school buildings, as well as repairing or remodeling in old buildings. 

Inspector of School Property. 

Examines into conditions and care of all school buildings, branch buildings, 
portables and annexes, and the school ground in district assigned. Reports on janitor 
work and the cleanliness and sanitary condition of school premises. Checks up bills 
for extra cleaning caused by fumigation, alteration, or original cleaning in new build- 

59 



ings. Reports on material at various buildings which should be removed. Reports on 
condition of sidewalks, scales, etc. Adjusts bills against contractors for cleaning done 
by janitors. 

School Engineer. 

Has charge of operation and care of heating, ventilating, sanitary, and electrical 
apparatus in school. Is responsible for the cleaning and general care of the buildings 
and grounds of a school, and hires and pays out of his salary appropriation all janitors 
and helpers employed by him. 

Stationary Fireman. 

Maintains fires under the boilers in proper condition and performs such other 
duties about the plant as may be assigned by the engineer. 

Janitor and Janitress. 

Scrub and sweep floors, stairways, halls, etc. Should be familiar with the use 
of cleaning compounds, polishes, and cleaning tools, and equipment necessary in the 
care of the various kinds of flooring, floor covering, woodwork, marble, etc. 

Chief Clerk. 

Is directly responsible to the chief engineer. Has supervision over the clerical 
and record work of the bureau. Opens and distributes correspondence. Keeps records 
of employes (other than education) in the school buildings. Issues bulletins to 
school engineers, as directed. 

Must keep informed on conditions at new buildings as reported by inspecting 
engineers, and from this knowledge informs contractors when specific work may be 
advantageously done. Prepares committee reports on matters affecting expenditures 
and requiring authority. 

Senior Clerk. 

Acts as record clerk and typewriter operator, keeping record of all orders issued 
lor all branches of the work in this department, scheduling all bids, etc., checking 
and preparing bids; assists in writing specifications and other office duties when 
required. 

Senior Stenographer. 

Attends to filing of all correspondence; keeps record of permits for opening of 
school buildings for entertainments, etc., and condition of fire escapes; records orders 
issued in other departments and keeps specifications for all branches of work coming 
under the jurisdiction of the chief engineer's department and writing such correspond- 
ence as required. 

Junior Stenographer. 

Does stenographic work; assists in answering telephone calls; keeps record of 
work performed at all buildings by bathroom attendants, and performs such clerical 
duties as may be assigned. 

Junior Clerk. 

Does general clerical work; helps in final mailing and other routine work. 



60 



TABLE 
"AT 



CITV 



METHOD 
of 



APPOINTMENT PROMOTIONS 



MANNER 
of MAKINS 



EMPLOYEES 

mvvwtaa 

ABOARD 



BASIS FOR 



SCHOOL ENGINEER # JANITOR SERVICE « OTHER CITIES 

INVESTIGATION of ENGINEER & JANITOR SERVICE -BOARD of EDUCATION 



HEATING 6 VENTILATING 



IWLY 

CLEANING 



C Q-MPEJSSAT)N(5 EMgi'lNEERS & JANITORS 



fERIODlC 
-ANINq - 



WINDOW 
V/ASHINQ 



SIDEWALKS 



YARDS 



LAWNS PORTABLES ^^"2 
SCHOOLS 



EXTRAS 



REMARKS 



NEirrozz 



CMC4GO 



Civ/i Service. 



Record. Sen/Or/tf 
fi grade of/icence 



£xaminat-ians 
6c Efficiency 



Janitor- 
Engineer 



farenf tfnds according to ■ 
schedu/e 



0t/ntntsri/rio rote 
rate obove 3S /*?. 



Af*}.i ?r -f f/oc 



C?W -hoit 
■for bui/ding 



Enq/neer- 



Scheduie o/ves mates for 
d'fferenr f/oor areas . 



&ZO.OO per room 
/or chss or /ibmr-) 
purposes 



VZSpcrr?, S p. 



ff.so ft 



/tothin/j far 
yds, rxtpy tvd 



*3oopr-t~?sq fr 



Schedule 
ikcording tt> 

of porf 



Jchedu/e 
Accord/no to 



focafion scboots, 
p/aygrounds , baths 
open Sundays and 



*/ZO.oo/ys- 
<irst bfd - f 

Tor each ad 



f/anuot framing roo" 
*t0ooy>er annum 



•#& 75 per -ft. sa. 
extra for /7/<yA 
schoo/s 



ft 



PHMDELPM 



loco/ schao/ 
boards subject 
fo approval of 
3oordof £d 



Pimm/shing rates per cu. ft 
rrith increasing vo/ume- 
3idgs ot'rided into p/enum , 
gravity. 6t hot oirheoted b/dq. 



£//mintshir?q 
mcr-easma c 



*.OZTS per 
sq. ft per 
year 






#003 per sa 
fob* 7 



or *s oo pe, 
ntqfrf accord/no 



#3.oo per room 
for c/e anmq suppJies 
&SO, oo tor bumidrfre* 



Civ/'/ Service 



Commission er 



STLOU/S 



, 



BOSTON 



Workings by 
Schoof- house 
Custodian 



if// rVeodyo 
//or- ass/gns 
rtorA' and if 
rvspons/S/e . 



Oct- 



et for- ec et> \e>n7p/oyee> ^ *- each school- 



WeTooper- 

month? if 



•Jan 'tor 



Civ/7 Service 



CLEKEl/tttO 



Records from 
reports of 
•d/sfr/cf sup/-. 



CaStodian^ rr 

a// but tryo 

bigh schoo/s 



P/TT5BVf6 



3y 3oard ot 
Schooi Y/s/tors 
7 each r/ffrd 



Diminishing rates per sg ft. 
for add't/ona/ f/oor- areas 
3/dgs dir into 3 groups accord- 
/n o to Aind of bat v systei 



Schedule closed or> rtumbe' 
and for spec/at rooms ■ 



C/oss rooms snept 
're o rteeAr on/y. 



Or/y '■><jrA/e tioors 
art scrubbed rYaoi 
ffot ro Q'/ed *n*m/y, 



wSfsg. ft 

•rrrcxA/n 
bo/bsidi 

fnc/int qtas 
■s for'bZ 



Janitors sotar/es base a 1 or 
he/p >r> numocrs Commer*. 



JTiO/neer-s 
■/f/has, C 



firemen t <l : c/eaner-s. 
vers ever} -fh/na tt/f 



.Oozpk-rsa. 



•has nentt /d t>y s/e&r. 



* 003 per- 
SO. ft 



One mom 

baJdinos 
*/SO ptr 



■&£o-o>o far 3 
raoms per 
sess/on cf 
o*o n/qttfs. 



oss/<pr>£>0 
even/n o 



*-zo.oo/mo 
for f,nst see- 
*f.oo / tno. 
for ofners 



^pecfa/ jsct>edcte 
for- f>/ft? scrioo/s: 



f sa fenoo/ci 



fyso e/em. s. 

*t. So eno-r. "i ^ f/o extra sa/ar/es 

fzpo Jan.] 

t'/yn fct>co/?_ 



On recommend- 



BUFFALO 



D/Screhon of 

COmmiifee. on 

sapptie s ond 

jomtors. 



iq/neer t 

Min f>,qh 
SCnoo/s. 



es t?acf> art •• 
K>ntt?3 so 
J?ci>edt/te> q/ves r?umaer of 



■tnor/iv fixed" , 
iat friey car? 



t */t\? st-e-am-t?ea7 ed tfodd/r)* >s 



s './>a>t and 



ass/sfa. ?ts at *d-. 



m t 'r~ of rv/ntt r 



tAey 
%o per- , 

£&/ar/es - 



af/or*ed 
pe> 



^fC/s- 10/ montn. 



3pe£/a/ jscfiedd/e for 

eaat? f>iqh sctioof. 



Ctass of/iceme 
A/enfth of 
serv/ce 



Sn. 



q/neer: 



■&/000. 00 to ify/00.00 



C/ex?r>/n ? /bonty, ■ 



nrsponj/'b, fa jZ, pr-frtci oat for- a/f 



<F/So. 00 
for a trro 
/7x>m £/do; 



-*Vc 



■?Z.5a per 

•otSf 



GKfWiflT/ 



3yfn,ef£nqr. 
rfift> oevrarot 
of 3oerd of 
Educofion . 



ffccord/na to Janitor 
eff/C/ency 6\ \jarittor- - 



3cftedu/e aires rat-es 
accordmq to rnecbanicat 

epatprnenr- 



5chedt/fe q'ves 



' J? fr. 



?o a// 

'/.oo per 



Of more 
than S room. 
tD /Tqvfor 
schedu/e r. 



fb'Cu/iar du'idinq- 
ar& exempf fron-> 
tf'S scn^dtr/s 



Ctv/7 Service 



jy£rY/7je/f 



C/v/t Service ^Jan/to. 



fbr one boi/er oreqoof&l7.2S/rr. 

foreocti'ad- $5 7S/rr, 

tent syj $5.75/m 



NEttaaiffNS 



Poard, onreoom 
mendation ofmerr, ■ 
bertrom section 

f city affected 



Efficiency 
£&porfof 
inspector 
Cost ofsvpp/ies 



Z Enqir>eers*75oo <9 aouse free 

rfmounts to aeau + 

exceeding fne averaqe 



foremen ofass . 
T oreach addif, 
for each oszer. 



&S00 pe. 



WtTs / 

feet 



^Z.30 pvr 
Sf yd 
= *?oa2S£ 
sf fA 



■fi/O.OO/, 

ptvs */■ so pei 
for" eocn 



*or y&r-ds , 



tarrns , ar>& 



portoji/es 



&too ns^zc 



^3 oo/ter-sn/'roo 17 
f/oyps-oaads- ^S.ao 
per term y*Qoo pcr 



per term-*' 



MISHiri6T0N 



gecommendo - 
fioa of 

Supf of Schoo/s 
fySvpt of^Jan/tors 



Efficiency. 

lonoevify. 

£ecommendono< 



' of Congress f?ppr-a*->mate/y <atr<ro 



f it/itd/aa 



(Puo/if/ca tioos 
determined by 
Principal, foreman 
&£*ecuh<ie agent 
Cbief £nqmcer 
rrifn approraf 



"fZ "pern/qti 
for S room 
?3l? per- nyfrf 
for t& rovfas 



/WMBWX/S 



3oard of 
Edacdfion 



■5t. Aedufe hosed c n 



>-'ber of raoms^ 



/cflNSffscrrr 



Board of 

Pirec tors fo. 

each school fof of boards 

yeor. 



jbn/^O* 



, according A 



ffppointed by 
Supf of 3tdqs. 



3y Supt of 
3u'ldmqs 



/n ardide 3c/>. 

Lor* pressure ptaits S/£ man?. 
//ion pressure p/onti fp/en„m ) 
10 °/o more mon base rate 



ft SO / 
e'yest/np 



3oyS toi/ets 
scrubbed da/fy 



rto/h dvsfcl-znts 
tW/s scfbd >r*/y_ 



ftindorrs 
fepf c /ean 



f/o 
portof>/es 



$/£o per 
erervr>cf 



S>pec/o/ scfedu/e 
nsr- t)iat) scfiao/s. 



for each / 00m 



evemnq 



L0U/5V/UE 



Merit system 



tfo in formi. <fi 



J/Oo to^tSo 
per erenmg. 



La/forefs 



/?Sfo Z.4pperaby 



5TPWL 



Pecommendotio 
of Supt of 
Btdgs 



High press £nor $qq.«l'i '0^/00 "■ 
Lon press Janitor $eo.oo 



na t 4 mo / Y' 



srYeepmg 



■a../- 



'■tr 



etae 



■f/So />rr 
CVeruna 



Separate /Art ffooSC rent & fuet 
rate in Gacb or GdcuVajferit for- 
cose n/st/ecf 



M?ff pay in Ji//y 



DENVE& 



3y Committee 
~- buiidings & 
gr-oun ds 



Secommendabt. 

if bv*/dmys & 
grounds com- 
rn/ttee 



■ //oiysneze /*>r- 
per month 



. 'jrfr-a mec 



•c ■J/pl71<Z 



COLUMBUS 



mecEsTEZ 



/to pror 



ofion 



S/mitar to fioitons 
-■cnedvte sfighr/y tess 



Boston jefecu/e 



2 per- year 



#7Z.o*/yr 

one. room 
tk/i/d/ng 



&/00 per 

cfyening 



Efficiency Divism n - Civil Servicv Co">ni/^s--orr 



60a 



L 
G 
A 
L 

a 
s 

#1 



m 



s\ 



L 



TABLE. 



SCHOOL ENGINEER & JANITOR SERVICE: in OTHER CITIES 

INVESTIGATION o/ ENGINEER^ JANITOR SERVICE -BOARD of EDUCATION 



CITY 



W0IJ1TMEHT PROMOTIONS 



METHOD 
of 



MANNER 
o/MAKlNQ 



EMPLOYEES 
PAIDPIRtptJ 
INBOARD 



BASIS FOR COMPENSATING. ENGINEERS & JANITORS 



HEATING $\fetfTILATlfI<q 



DAILY 

CLEAMIN© 



PERIODIC 
CLEANING 



-i ~a. 



Window 

WA5HINQ 



SIDEWALKS YARDS 



LAWM5 



L ~&CHOOL.S 



EXTRAS 



REMARKS 



3<f : c->---- j ';?.-.y J ";-v. 
sAoW</ be corx^/cter-eef 
fYonfs oun rsoor-f 



SEATTLE 

wash 



Soaro* of 

Directors. 



r^ecommencto r-fon 
of chief enar. A. 
sec/: of boord. 



77?r 



for a preya/enf type of sfefr 
manna/ train/ny onct cfomes t/$ 

for a prera/enf type of fur. 
— *77 per mo for /Z mo ■ 



beofect b/a'o\ 



? heote<J or 
' far ertro > 



for* z 



yr&cfe gchoo/s j &Z00 p/u. 
fe /s ^/O. oo per rree<k A 



tommy 
per . — 
pressure r-tet 
is or porft'S/e 



9 c/c $s rooms 



& rrto rot V77 



beofept _ 
'e/ys . &7.SO 



Afro 



i A ?SOO 



Q c/os z. rooms 
■sp to 20 i 



D/fferenf scbec/u/e 
fbre&cb A/of> schoof 



PWy/DE/tE 
e.i. 



■Sua/ of 
Sc/ioo/ 
Py-oper/y 



Sup/ of 
Prcper/y 



//>e /ur>/Yc"- r~< 



■ -^ 



if: 



yp/oj eot y tin 



Ho 

por/ob/es 



^S-/Oper~ 
rree/c 



.fonifor- 



Crrcjct(jc?rec/ $onec/u/e fz>/ 



~£e+j 



Cirrf Serwce 



eomfsr££ 



behoof boora. 



Pecommenobftor, , 
of secy, ofboara 1 
6t superr/sor 
o f ion ifors 



-r/oof area 



*-r~reen J>o< 



&/.SO toPzc 

per 

e'r&n/no- 



/nc/i v/c/uo/ sc?/or-/es e/etern /nee/ by boor~c '. 



Ore. 



3y boor-ct 



•#3- So y>er 
mo for&xh 
reboot room. 



/v.r. 



3oc*r-<j of 
Pc/ocaf/ori 



Jon/fof 



Gracruafeo 1 scbeotu/e on ssuone foof bai/&. fffeor/y s/r&/y.7f- //r?ej 



op to yy. 



p>r-, f ft 



ifer-f, 



$/ So per 



?p>Orr O/fei So/or/trs <£ 



£oct> of 3 tiAop venoo/s 
Gss/oa/on */ooO'/zoo 
fnyr- $ /ooO'/zoo 

Oeonmy /fo'm *4oo 



fietersrirnedr for eocti emp. 



yee for each -cttoo/ /?r 



scerfrrroH 

/*7. 



*/o 
per- 

rnonfh 



5choo/ Sourd 



ffl 



<P/CHrtOHD 



ber o f raos n s J5o/or/es o* e opproX/o 



tpfe'p 



fieb. 



£eCOmmer>a't7tiC 
of Supt. of 
3c///o'mc j 3 



fz men) 



Smp/oyeo' a/t f/xeo* mor>rt>/ / yvaae 



ffeporrvt/e 



rTccor&ma to 
number of 
room* is^eo* 



PEYTON 
o. 



C'W/ Jery/'ce 

Jtote 
loco/ ^,H» 



&commencfof/& 
of /ocof com- 

•ttcemon 



■■' 73 -" to ^£LS ^per 1 t 
£vo/s? Ger-s 



^SO^/o^ZS ^° 



- per rr?o Tor- 



&/.00 per 
e* rent no 



v//er Av/Ytft. 



cfectccf S?* fc 



Mich. 



Soord on 
'ecomm e nab ft 
>f business 
x»mm/Sf'ee. 



manoge 



/23? per ryeeir. 
osscmb/y ftof/s 



for /oryer cy 3 
except ^O/y-61 



-&- 



for branch f/braryes 
Open /n er-en/r,ys^4.oo 
per rreeir ercepf m 
Ju/y & fhqust 



fif15HV/LLE 

Te> 



Stpt ef3y*>oo/s 



Zupf 



f7rb'frar-//y f/jcecf by boar cf ^n/fors c?r er-aye abou 



■ r er 



itfi- Mot scboot 

Cos foet/a, 
Uan/ forj 



St 
<S> /ZS°- 
(Si> $33* 



*/,o of 

doy poy. 



CtY/7 Sery/ce ■ 



LOWSLL 

Mass. 



\Jon/for3 tn b/cto* of & 
Uon/nora tn b/cAys of T 



rooms or /ess 
rooms or mora 



nece/'w rd 
receive *3 



per 1 

eYen/ny 



fireman v/-$l 
£ngr *J. 
Jon/for 
ZS f per room 



CAMBRIDGE 

Most. 



Schectis/e /lory under cor? A uer&S'/on . O/C7 . trz/?edu/e <?cc or~c- 



"? 



ro s/xt ' o/" A// 



/d">f 



copaS/e 



Pai'd byf/ie 
ci/f- 



of near'- 
'"?■ 



■for 'effect t*o*s f» 



$/o for 
one room 



SPOtT/lNE 

Yiash 



3oarcf of 
fl/rect&rs 



O/cf emp/oyees 

?,>>er. 

ence 



''cbec/u/e orb/'frar/fy f/xect^ 
$7o°- per monfn for 3 room 



except fnof /n lome senoc's 
ancf ^3- oo ex trc per roor ~ 



c rer s roi im 



J3?commen erect 
iy oomm/ttee 
of fbree j 



tfso. oo 
per 



BRID6EP0RT 

Conn 



^cZiectu/e b^setf on numb 
#3sem/>/y no/fs cons /cTer-ecf 



r of 
yuo/ to 2 



per 
eyenmg 



0/Oo per 
itpnf 



Cfyr/ Serr/ce 



ftLBflflY 
fi.Y. 



3y 3oartf for 
eyooct 3er-r/ce 



3osect on number of room 
f/rronyecf so //>&f jon/'fors 



3/ze of <3rout 
,"&r<r abouf **7€>. 



o's , omounr ! >f ■ 
o pen mO fc{r 



ft eater j e tc 



b'emse/res 



None 



HErfBEDRXD 

floss. 



^err/ce ono" 
M?rrf 



ffecord/na to number of roo. ns a. bot/s ~3cs/s not- y,ve 



#£0. 00 

per 
annum 



from rjf0 Oo . ;£>/- 4- rooms 



fo y&joz.oo fbr 



■^Z"-" to 
#3 S S per 

erenmo 



Texas 



flrcom/nesrotrnvf? 
of cboifmon at 
Jon>tors 'com 
rnJ/nre 



/fa cfefm/fe- 
sysfen 



$/o 00 per 



efficiency D^won - C,*,/ Service Cammr-f^nr, 



60b 



TABLE "B" 

CLASSIFICATION OF SCHOOLS ACCORDING 
TO FLOOR AREAS 



Schools for Which No Floor Areas Are Given. 



School 
Reference Date of 

Number. Xame of School. Erection. 

NORMAL SCHOOLS. 

187 Chicago Normal 1905 

Teachers' College 

Normal of Parker Practice 1899-1902 

HIGH SCHOOLS. 

22 Bowen, Jas. H 1908 

56 Crane 1903 

12 Englewood 1887-1899 

Hvde Park (New) 1913 

143 Lake 1886-1905 

272 Lane Technical 1906 

275 Schurz, Carl 1909 

Senn, Nicholas 1913 



ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

Avondale Branch 

Barnard Branch 

Beaubien Branch No. 1 

Beaubien Branch No. 2 

Beaubien Branch No. 3 

Beaubien Branch No. 4 

Bradwell Branch 

Brentano 

Burnside Branch No. 1 

Burnside Branch No. 2 

Burnside Branch No. 3 

Chicago Lawn Branch No. 1. 
Chicago Lawn Branch No. 2. 
Chicago Lawn Branch No. 3. 

Dunning 

Dunning Branch 

Earle Branch 

Field Branch 

Gage Park 

Gage Park Branch No. 1 . . . . 
Gage Park Branch No. 2. . . . 



1889 
1883 



1883 
1889 
1910 

1894 
1903 



1902 
1890 



School 
Reference Date of 

Number. Name of School. Erection. 

ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS (Continued). 

Gallistel Branch 1885 

Gray Branch No. 1 

Gray Branch No. 2 

Harper Branch 

Henry (rented quarters) .... 

Howe Branch 

Howland Branch 

Irving Park Branch 

Kohn Branch No. 2 1879 

148 Lewis 1874-1886 

Llovd Branch No. 2 

Lloyd Branch No. 3 

Lloyd Branch No. 4 

-Madison Branch 1894 

McPherson Branch 

Nash Branch 1885 

Nixon Branch 1883 

Norwood Park 

Norwood Park Branch No. 1 . 

Norwood Park Branch No. 2. 
194 Parental 1902 

Park Manor Branch 1892 

Pullman Branch 1870 

Raster Branch No. 1 1883 

Raster Branch No. 2 

Ray Branch 1889 

Ryerson Branch 

Sawyer Ave. Branch No. 1 . . . 

Sawyer Ave. Branch No. 2. . . 

Scanlan Branch 

235 Spaulding 1907 

Thorp, Ole A., Branch No. 1. 

Thorp, Ole A., Branch No. 2. 

Warren Branch 

Worthy (House of Correc- 
tion) 



Schools for Which Floor Areas Are Given — Arranged in Order of Size. 



Floor 

Area 

M. Sq. Ft. 



14 
65 
83 

85 



School 
Reference 
Number. 



120 

255 



Name of School. Date of Erection. 

HIGH SCHOOLS. 

Lake View Branch. 1881-1910 

Flower Technical High 

Hvde Park (old) 1894 

Waller 1901-1902 

61 



Floor School 

Area Reference 

M. Sq. Ft. Number. Name of School. Date of Erection. 

89 11 Austin 1889-1905-1907 

91 188 Tuley, Murray 1892-1898 

115 144 Lake View 1886-1899 

131 168 McKinley, Wm 1904 

161 201 Phillips, Wendell 1904 

COMBINATION HIGH AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

64 38 Calumet High and Auburn Park Elementary 1891-1901 

96 76 Harrison Technical and Farragut Elementary 1894-1909 

101 59 Curtis High and Elementary 1893-1906 

118 172 Medill High and Elementary 1895-1897-1907 

135 162, 161 Marshall High and Elementary 1895-1902-1909 

ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

8 ... Lloyd, Henry D., Branches 1 and 2 1907 

9 ... Noble, Alfred, Branch 1 

12 ... Goudy Branch 1898 

15 ... Haugan Branch 

16 ... Gresham Branch 1889 

17 47 Clay, Henry 1887 

17 ... South Deering 

19 ... Brvn Mawr 1903 

20 32 Burns, Robert (old) 1882-1903 

20 ... Sawyer Avenue 

21 ... Mann, Horace, Branch 1885 

22 196 Park Manor 1889 

25 ... Burke, Edmund, Branch 

25 103 Hancock j . . . 1886 

27 110 Headley 1903 

27 ... Kinzie Branch 

27 197 Parkside 1888-1894 

27 244 Taylor 1881-1894 

28 28 Brownell 1888-1904 

28 136 Kinzie 1872 

28 198 Peabody 1895 

28 226 Sheldon 1874 

29 *138^ Komensky (old) 1882-1891 

30 94 Goudy, W. C 1892 

32 86 Fuller, Melville W., and Annex 1884-1890 

32 ... Kohn Branch No. 1 '. 1901 

33 109 Hayes 1868 

35 18 Beidler, Jacob 1881 

35 70 Emerson 1884 

35 129 Jones 1875 

35 216 Scammon 1880 

35 249 Throop 1878 

36 24 Brainard 1885 

36 48 Colman 1887 

36 99 Gresham 1895 

36 209 Ravenswood 1872-1893 

36 246 Thomas, Geo. H 1890 

37 25 Brenan, Thos 1884 

37 203 Plamondon, Ambrose 1903 

37 232 Skinner 1859 

38 27 Brown 1857-1870 

38 113 Hendricks 1884 

38 131 Keith 1883 

38 206 Pulaski 1896 

38 261 Webster 1883 

39 ... Ryder, Wm. H 

40 *138J4 Komensky (new) 

40 204 Poe, Edgar Allen 1905 

*No number assigned by Board of Education. This number assigned by Efficiency Divi- 
sion for purpose of referring to coal consumption curve, Exhibit "E." 

62 



Floor 


School 


Area 


Reference 


M. Sq. Ft. 


Number. 


40 


242 


41 


226 


42 


96 


42 


132 


42 


157 


42 


210 


42 


212 


42 




42 




43 


135 


43 


222 


43 


224 


44 


153 


44 


164 


44 


245 


45 


30 


45 


97 


45 


179 


45 


217 


45 


229 


45 


247 


46 


33 


46 


170 


47 


14 


47 


155 


47 


156 


47 


158 


47 


181 


47 


266 


48 


43 


49 


13 


49 


35 


49 


41 


49 


42 


49 


57 


49 


68 


49 


73 


49 


80 


49 


137 


49 


190 


49 


191 


49 


215 


49 


223 


49 


264 


50 . 


15 


50 


98 


50 


257 


51 


20 


51 


67 


51 


74 


51 


225 


52 


106 


52 


122 


52 


163 


52 


175 


52 


211 


53 


44 


53 


147 


53 


154 


53 


167 


54 


17 


54 


23 


54 


177 


55 


69 


55 


182 


55 


220 


55 


254 



Name of School. Date of Erection. 

Swing, David 1895 

Spencer, Herbert 1904 

Grant 1885 

Kenwood 1889 

Manierre 1885 

Ray, Wm. H 1887-1894 

Revere, Paul 1903 

Sheridan, Phil., Branch 

Vanderpoel, John 

King 1873-1885 

Scott, Walter 1896 

Sexton, Jas. A. ■. 1883 

Logan 1889 

McAllister . 1889 

Tennyson 1896 

Burke, Edmund (new) 

Greeley, Horace 1894 

Moseley 1856-1875 

Scanlan 1888 

Sherman 1884-1887 

Thorp, J. N 1893-1896 

Burnside 1898 

McPherson 1886-1894-1898 

Barnard 1893 

Lowell 1894 

Madison 1883-1900 

Mann .' 1890 

Mulligan 1890 

Whittier 1893 

Chase 1894 

Bancroft 1892 

Burroughs 1893 

Carter (old) 1885-1894 

Chalmers, Thos 1886 

Crerar 1892 

Drummond 1893 

Ericsson 1893 

Field 1890-1900 

Knickerbocker 1892 

Oakland 1903 

Ogden 1884 

Rverson 1890 

Seward 1894 

West Pullman 1894-1900 

Bass 1895 

Green \ 1895 

Ward 1874-1897 

Bismarck 1896 

Drake 1900 

Everett 1892 

Shakespeare 1893 

Harvard 1889-1905-1906 

Irving Park 1876-1897-1910 

May 1905 

Montefiore 1882-1885 

Raymond 1879-1886 

Chicago Lawn 1906 

Lawson 1896 

Longfellow 1880-1886 

McCosh 1895 

Beaubien 1905 

Bradwell 1889-1895-1908 

Morris 1896 

Earle 1898-1900 

Nash 1896 

Schneider 1896 

Wadsworth 1889-1894 

63 



Floor 


School 


Area 


Reference 


M. Sq. Ft. 


Number. 


56 


1 


56 


145 


56 


152 


56 


192 


56 


218 


56 


248 


56 


258 


56 


*260^ 


57 


62 


57 


101 


57 


107 


57 


134 


58 


146 


58 


270 


59 


31 


59 


85 


59 


91 


59 


*138 


59 


165 


59 


250 


60 




60 


117 


60 


130 


60 


184 


60 


267 


61 


2 


61 




61 


51 


61 


78 


61 


111 


61 


180 


61 


*180K 


62 


7 


62 




62 


io 


62 


75 


62 




62 


*96^ 


62 


128 


62 


140 


62 


195 


62 


239 


63 


61 


63 


63 


63 


108 


63 


151 


63 


160 


63 


240 


64 


268 


64 


3 


64 


6 


64 


39 


64 


82 


65 


93 


65 


228 


66 


65 


66 


77 


66 


219 


66 


230 


67 


50 


67 


116 


67 


185 


67 


237 


67 


271 



Name of School. Date of Erection. 

Adams 1896 

Langland 1884-1904 

Lloyd 1907 

Oglesby 1889-1907 

Schiller 1873-1893 

Thorp, O. A 1874-1906 

Warren 1907 

Waters 1910 

Davis 1905 

Hamline 1880-1898 

Haven 1885 

Key 1907 

La Salle 1882-1893 

Yale 1887-1894 

Burley 1896 

Froebel 1885 

Goethe 1895 

Kohn 1910 

McClellan 1881-1896 

Tilden 1881-1897 

Burns (new) 

Howe 1896 

Jungman 1903 

Newberry 1858-1895-1905 

Wicker Park 1881-1894 

Agassiz 

Armstrong 1912 

Cooper 1885-1903 

Felsenthal 1901 

Healev 1885-1895 

Motley 1884-1898 

Mozart 191 1 

Arnold 1884-1898 

Carter (new) 

Delano • ■ 

Fallon 1880-1898 

Haugan 

Gray 

Jirka 1889 

Kozminski 1897 

Parkman 1876-1890 

Stowe 1903 

Darwin 1900 

Dewey 1900 

Hawthorne 1886-1894 

Linne 1895-1904 

Marsh 1909 

Sullivan 1902 

Willard 1898 

Alcott 1883-1899 

Armour 1901 

Cameron 1897-1905 

Forestville 1892-1896 

Goodrich 1890-1896 

Sheridan, Phil 

Dore 1867-1893 

Farren 1882-1898 

Schley 1899 

Sherwood 1885-1892 

Coonley 1902-1906 

Holmes 1894-1910 

Nixon 1896-1905-1912 

Spry 1899 

Yates 1895 

*No number assigned by Board of Education. This number assigned by Efficiency Divi- 
sion for purpose of referring to coal consumption curve, Exhibit "E." 

64 



Floor 


School 


Area 


Reference 


M. Sq. Ft. 


Number. 


68 


36 


68 


54 


68 


263 


69 


205 


70 


81 


70 


149 


70 


262 


71 


2,7 


71 


40 


71 


178 


71 


202 


71 


227 


72 


5 


72 


127 


72 


150 


73 


9 


74 


19 


74 


64 


74 


71 


74 


133 


74 


87 


74 


124 


75 


100 


75 


118 


75 


273 


75 


183 


75 


256 


75 


260 


76 


174 


77 


166 


77 


199 


77 


200 


77 


265 


78 


12 


78 


214 


79 


4 


79 


52 


79 


141 


79 


251 


79 


126 


80 


55 


80 


49 


80 


90 


80 


139 


80 


176 


80 


207 


81 


95 


81 


112 


82 


88 


82 


102 


83 


16 


83 


104 


83 


243 


84 


26 


85 


21 


85 


114 


85 


169 


85 


252 


86 


208 


87 


173 


87 


,59 


87 


241 


88 


66 


88 


84 


89 


253 


90 


231 


91 


115 



Name of School. Date of Erection. 

Byford 1892-1908 

Corkery 1875-1910 

Wentworth 1890-1893 

Prescott 1881-1900 

Fiske 1905 

Libbv 1902 

Well's 1865-1883 

Calhoun 1881-1897 

Carpenter 1868-1891 

Morse 1904 

Picard 1874-1896-1903 

Sheridan, Mark 1882-1892-1906 

Anderson 1885-1893 

Jenner 1880-1908 

Lincoln 1870-1894 

Audubon 1894-1906 

Belding 1901-1902-1907 

Doolittle 1881-1885 

Emmet 1884-1912 

Kershaw 1883-1893 

Fulton 1895 

Jefferson 1894-1910 

Hamilton 1903-1905 

Howland 1893 

Jahn 1908 

Xettelhorst 1879-1893 

Walsh 1882-1886 

Washington 1907 

Monroe 1905 

McCormick 1905 

Penn 1907 

Stewart 1906 

Whitney 1905 

Avondale 1895-1901 

Hayt 1906 

Altgeld 1905 

Copernicus i 1905-1907-1908 

La Fayette 1893-1898 

Tilton 1908 

Trumbull 1908 

Cornell 1873-1896-1909 

Columbus 1886 

Gladstone 1894 

Kosciuszko 1906 

Moos 1907 

Pullman 1906 

Graham 1905 

Hedges 1890-1906 

Gallistel 1898-1909 

Hammond 1890 

Beale 1892-1898 

Haines 1886-1901 

Talcott 1896-1902 

Brentano 1893-1909 

Blaine 1893-1905-1907 

Henrv 1904-1907 

McLaren 1886 

Van Vlissingen 1893-1905 

Raster (two buildings) 1893-1910 

Mitchell 1880-1892 

Marquette 1879-1890 

Sumner 1894 

Doudas 1889 

Franklin 1896 

Von Humboldt 1885-1895 

Shields 1902 

Holden 186S-1893 

65 



Area. 


Reference 


Floor 


School 


M. Sq. Ft. 


Number. 


92 


83 


93 


233 


97 


29 


98 


259 


99 


H7V 2 


99 


274 


99 


*104 


99 


221 


101 


121 


101 


193 


102 


213 


111 


123 


112 


89 


115 


34 


117 


46 


127 


60 



Name of School. Date of Erection. 

Foster 1857-1891-1896 

Smyth 1897-1905 

Bryant 1894-1898-1907 

Washburne 1906 

Cleveland 1909 

Gary 1909 

Harper 1909 

Nobel 1909 

Irving 1884 

Otis 1879-1893-1907 

Rogers 1880-1906 

Jackson 1894-1909 

Garfield 1882-1884-1909 

Burr 1873-1885-1897-1909 

Clarke 1868-1893 

Dante 1903-1908 

*No number assigned by Board of Education. This number assigned by Efficiency Divi- 
sion for purpose of referring to coal consumption curve, Exhibit "E." 



66 



TABLE "C" 
FREQUENCY TABLE 



No. of schools No. of schools 

with floor with floor area 

area stated not stated 

Normal schools, etc 2 

High schools 9 8 

High and elementary combined 5 

Elementary schools 262 56 

Total 276 66 



Area thousand 




Area thousand 




Area thousand 




square feet 


Frequency 


square feet 


Frequency 


square feet 


Frequency 


8 


1 


48 


1 


79 


5 


9 


1 


49 


14 


80 


6 


12 


1 


50 


3 


81 


2 


14 


1 


51 


4 


82 


2 


15 


1 


52 


5 


83 


3 


16.... 


1 


53 


4 


84 


1 


17 


2 


54 


3 


85 


5 


19 


1 


55 


4 


86 


1 


20 


2 


56 


8 


87 


3 


21 


1 


57 


4 


88 


2 


22 


1 


58 


2 


89 


2 


25 


2 


59 


6 


90 


1 


27 


4 


60 


5 


91 


2 


28 


4 


61 


7 


92 


1 


29 


1 


62 


10 


93 


1 


30 


1 


63 


6 


96 


1 


32 


2 


64 


6 


97 


1 


33 


1 


65 


3 


98 


1 


35 


5 


66 


4 


99 


4 


36 


5 


67 


5 


101 


3 


37 


3 


68 


3 


102 


1 


38 


5 


69 


1 


Ill 


1 


39 


1 


70 


3 


112 


1 


40 


3 


71 


5 


115 


2 


41 


1 


72 


3 


117 


1 


42 


7 


73 


1 


118 


1 


43 


3 


74 


6 


127 


1 


44 


3 


75 


6 


131 


1 


45 


6 


76 


1 


135 


1 


46 


2 


77 


4 


161 


1 


47 


6 


78 


2 







67 



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68 



TABLE "E" 

ANSWERS TO BULLETINS SENT TO SCHOOL 

PRINCIPALS 



Quality of Janitor Service. 



Good 237 

Fair 34 

Poor 12 

Xot always satisfactory 1 

Usually good 3 

Generally satisfactory 1 



Xot always good 1 

Usually poor 1 

Xot reported 26 

Total 316 



Windows Cleaned During School Hours. 



Yes 28 

Xo 181 

Sometimes 32 



Corridors 

Basement 

Seldom 

Corridors and stairs 

Panels and transoms 

Xot in class rooms 

Corridors and assembly halls.. 
Xot when classes are meeting. 



18 
3 
6 

1 
1 

o 
.-> 

2 

4 



Inside glass 1 

Corridors and basement 2 

During the two cleanings (October and 

March) 1 

With principal's consent 1 

Office and corridors 1 

Corridors and vacant rooms sometimes. . 2 

Xct reported 24 

Total 316 



Cleaning (Other Than Windows) During School Hours. 



Xone 

Sometimes 

Very little 

Xecessary cleaning 

Emergency work 

Additional sweeping extra 

A little sweeping 

Assembly hall 

Basement 

Basement and vacant rooms 

Basement sometimes 

Basement and corridors 

Basement, corridors and assembly 

Basement and stairways 

Basement, corridors and stairways 

Basement, assembly and library 

Basement and playgrounds 

Basement and boys' toilets 

Boys' toilets 

Corridors 

Corridors and stairways 

Corridors sometimes 

Corridors at noon 

Corridors, bookcases, etc 

Corridors and toilets 

Corridors, stairways and manual train- 
ing room 

Corridors — sweeping in muddy weather. 



121 Glass doors and yard 1 

2 Glass doors and panels 2 

1 Kindergarten 3 

1 Kindergarten and domestic science 1 

5 Kindergarten toilets 1 

1 Manual training rooms 1 

3 Manual training room and miscellaneous 

1 sweeping 2 

49 Moldings 1 

2 Metal work 1 

7 Office 1 

7 Office and toilets 1 

1 Playgrounds 5 

3 Playgrounds and stairways 1 

2 Playrooms 1 

1 Playrooms and domestic science 2 

2 Stairwavs 3 

10 Sidewalks 1 

6 Some brushing 1 

15 Sometimes rooms not occupied 5 

3 Walls cleaned 1 

3 Walls and corridors 1 

1 Wiping woodwork, corridors 1 

1 Library and vacant rooms 1 

2 Xo report 27 

1 Total 316 

-> 



69 



Sufficiency of Janitor Service. 

Five Floor Scrubbings Per Year. 



Satisfied with five per year 99 

Monthly (suggested) 156 

Every two weeks 11 

Daily 1 

Weekly 8 

Eight times a year 2 

Every six weeks 3 

Seven times a year 2 

Six times a year 1 

Winter term, every month 2 

Office and kindergarten every two weeks 1 



Whenever necessary 2 

More frequently 4 

Weekly or daily 1 

Oftener in winter 1 

Oftener in bad weather 3 

Monthly or every two weeks 2 

Monthly or weekly 1 

No report 16 

Total 316 



Five Window Washings Per Year. 



Satisfied with five per year 120 

Monthly (suggested) 145 

Every two weeks 8 

Weekly 5 

Eight times a year 2 

Every six weeks 3 

Six times a year 1 

More in summer 1 

Weekly in warm weather 1 



According to weather 1 

Whenever necessary 7 

More frequently 2 

Often as possible 1 

Every three weeks 2 

No report 17 

Total 316 



Three Brushings of Walls and Ceilings. 



Satisfied with three per year 146 

Monthly (suggested) 65 

Every two weeks 6 

Six times a year 4 

Five times a year 65 

Whenever necessary 4 

Four or more times a year 1 



Four times a year 1 

Six to ten times a year 1 

Every cleaning time 1 

Oftener 2 

No report 20 



Total 

Three Washings of Desks, Wainscotting, Woodwork. 



316 



Satisfied with three per year 143 

Monthly (suggested) '54 

Every two weeks 2 

Daily 1 

Weekly 2 

Eight times a year 1 

Desks disinfected weekly 2 

Desks weekly 

Six times a year 

Desks monthly 

Desks, doors and handrails monthly... 
Desks five times a year 



Five times a year 59 

Whenever necessary 3 

Desks never washed now 1 

Seats and desks every two weeks 2 

Six to ten times a year 1 

Desks, ten, woodwork five times a year. 1 

More frequent cleaning 2 

Desks, more often 1 

No report 26 

Total 316 



Work Done by Engineer — Not Covered by Rules. 
None 119 Assists Childrens' Aid Society 1 



Anything required, emergency work, etc. 34 

Garden and supervision of boys in toilet 3 

Care of bird house 1 

Assisting with children at recess, preven- 
tion of accidents, supervision of toilets, 

etc 21 

Planting — care of gardens 15 

Odd jobs 24 

Care of lawns, shrubbery and walks 1 

General care of grounds 8 

Cleaning of glass in doors at times 1 

Extra sweeping in muddy weather 1 

Outside woodwork 1 

Grounds, toilets, gardens 1 

Care of wheel-room 1 

Necessary extra sweeping 1 

Lunch rooms, cleaning of teachers' 

rooms, scrubbing every two weeks.... 1 

Care of garden and grounds 5 



Replacing glass 1 

General aid to principal and teachers. . 1 

Odd jobs and care of children 1 

Very little extra work 1 

Kitchen scrubbed twice a week 1 

Stairs brushed twice a day 1 

Office scrubbed and rugs cleaned weekly 1 

Plants and repairs 3 

Door glass and stairs cleaned 1 

Desks washed daily 1 

Office scrubbed weekly 1 

Moving of chairs and care of gardens.. 1 

General repair work 2 

Preventing pupils from leaving during 

hours 1 

No report 60 



Total 316 



70 



Voluntary Remarks and Suggestions. 



Separate janitors and engineers 43 

Vacuum cleaners 23 

Do away with cinder yards 4 

School yard is below grade 1 

More help needed so that cleanings could 

be more frequent 1 

Electric lights needed 1 

More light 1 

Gas in more rooms so that cleaning could 

be done of tener 3 

Janitors and engineers should do small 

repairs 4 

Dust cloths should be used 2 

Better dusting arrangements 1 

Janitor should be under principal 2 

Power of principal to put janitor on 

probation 1 

Periodical reports by teachers concern- 
ing efficiency of janitors and engineers. 2 

Corps of scrub women 1 

Corps of window washers 1 

Street sweepers dump on vacant lots... 1 

Household refuse in alleys 1 

Large amount of glass and woodwork 

as compared with area (objected to) . 1 

Windows not all washed five times 1 

Walls are brushed only in summer 1 

Objection to chewing of tobacco by 

j anitor 1 



Janitor should be present during school 
hours 

Engineers should have more help 

Extra janitor needed 

Janitor not satisfactory 

Better care of walls. Walls should be 
calcimined oftener 

Engineer should not be the one to pay 
his subordinates 

Air intake improperly located 

Humidifying apparatus necessary 

Better systems of ventilation 

Too frequent change of engineers 

Automatic clock system recommended. 

Engineer and janitor should be perma- 
nently in building 

Give service to those who earn it 

Better and more frequent inspection of 
cleaning, etc 

Permanent janitor who does own work. 

Hard wood floors 

Special caretaker for yards 

Alore help in winter 

Janitor directly in charge of cleaning. . . 

Blanks for reports of teachers 

Annual whitewashing of basement 

Storm protection over doors in winter. . 

Install thermostats 

Principals offering no suggestions 20 



71 



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